“…To understand the structure-activity relationships of the sulfation patterns in HS, Seeberger, [6,7,8] Linhardt, [9,10,11] Liu, [12,13,14] Boons, [15,16] Weigel, [17,18] DeAngelis, [19,20] Hung, [21,22,23] Huang, [24,25,26,27] and others [28,29,30,31,32,33,34] have developed chemical and chemoenzymatic synthetic approaches to welldefined HS oligosaccharides that have significantly advanced our understanding of HS biology. Nevertheless, the chemical synthesis of HS oligosaccharides often requires exquisite synthetic route design and skillful carbohydrate chemistry manipulations, resulting in high production cost and scalability challenges.…”