Determining
atomic-level characteristics of molecules on two-dimensional
surfaces is one of the fundamental challenges in chemistry. High-resolution
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) could deliver rich structural information,
but its application to two-dimensional materials has been prevented
by intrinsically low sensitivity. Here we obtain high-resolution one-
and two-dimensional
31
P NMR spectra from as little as 160
picomoles of oligonucleotide functionalities deposited onto silicate
glass and sapphire wafers. This is enabled by a factor >10
5
improvement in sensitivity compared to typical NMR approaches
from
combining dynamic nuclear polarization methods, multiple-echo acquisition,
and optimized sample formulation. We demonstrate that, with this ultrahigh
NMR sensitivity,
31
P NMR can be used to observe DNA bound
to miRNA, to sense conformational changes due to ion binding, and
to follow photochemical degradation reactions.