Chemical tick control practices in southwestern and northwestern Uganda

Vudriko, Patrick; Okwee-Acai, James; Byaruhanga, Joseph; Tayebwa, Dickson Stuart; Okech, Samuel; Tweyongyere, Robert; Wampande, Eddie M.; Okurut, Anna Rose Ademun; Mugabi, Kenneth; Muhindo, Jeanne Bukeka; Nakavuma, Jesca; Umemiya‐Shirafuji, Rika; Xu, Xuan; Suzuki, Hiroshi

doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.03.009

“…Unprecedented levels of acaricide-resistant tick populations have recently been reported in Uganda [33]. The cause of this problem is due to farmer-related factors (acaricide overuse and misuse) potentiated by lack of national acaricide and animal movement control policies [33][34][35]. Under such favourable conditions, R. microplus tick populations are known to rapidly become acaricideresistant as a result of target specific mutations and metabolic adaptations [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasive cattle ticks in East Africa: morphological and molecular confirmation of the presence of Rhipicephalus microplus in south-eastern Uganda

Muhanguzi

¹

,

Byaruhanga

²

,

Amanyire

³

et al. 2020

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Background: Rhipicephalus microplus, an invasive tick species of Asian origin and the main vector of Babesia species, is considered one of the most widespread ectoparasites of livestock. The tick has spread from its native habitats on translocated livestock to large parts of the tropical world, where it has replaced some of the local populations of Rhipicephalus decoloratus ticks. Although the tick was reported in Uganda 70 years ago, it has not been found in any subsequent surveys. This study was carried out to update the national tick species distribution on livestock in Uganda as a basis for tick and tick-borne disease control, with particular reference to R. microplus. Methods: The study was carried out in Kadungulu, Serere district, southeastern Uganda, which is dominated by small scale livestock producers. All the ticks collected from 240 cattle from six villages were identified microscopically. Five R. microplus specimens were further processed for phylogenetic analysis and species confirmation. Results: The predominant tick species found on cattle was Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (86.9 %; n = 16,509). Other species found were Amblyomma variegatum (7.2 %; n = 1377), Rhipicephalus evertsi (2.3 %; n = 434) and R. microplus (3.6 %; n = 687). Phylogenetic analysis of the 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and ITS2 gene sequences of R. microplus confirmed the morphological identification. Conclusions: It is concluded that R. microplus has replaced R. decoloratus in the sampled villages in Kadungulu subcounty, since the latter was not any longer found in this area. There is currently no livestock movement policy in force in Uganda, which could possibly limit the further spread of R. microplus ticks. Future surveys, but also retrospective surveys of museum specimens, will reveal the extent of distribution of R. microplus in Uganda and also for how long this tick has been present on livestock without being noticed.

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“…Unprecedented levels of acaricide-resistant tick populations have recently been reported in Uganda [33]. The cause of this problem is due to farmer-related factors (acaricide overuse and misuse) potentiated by lack of national acaricide and animal movement control policies [33][34][35]. Under such favourable conditions, R. microplus tick populations are known to rapidly become acaricide-resistant as a result of target specific mutations and metabolic adaptations [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasive cattle ticks in East Africa: morphological and molecular confirmation of the presence of Rhipicephalus microplus in south-eastern Uganda

Muhanguzi

¹

,

Byaruhanga

²

,

Amanyire

³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Rhipicephalus microplus, an invasive tick species of Asian origin and the main vector of Babesia species, is considered one of the most widespread ectoparasites of livestock. The tick has spread from its native habitats on translocated livestock to large parts of the tropical world, where it has replaced some of the local populations of Rhipicephalus decoloratus ticks. Although the tick was reported in Uganda 70 years ago, it has not been found in any subsequent surveys. This study was carried out to update the national tick species distribution on livestock in Uganda as a basis for tick and tick-borne disease control, with particular reference to R. microplus. Methods:The study was carried out in Kadungulu, Serere district, south-eastern Uganda, which is dominated by small scale livestock producers. All the ticks collected from 240 cattle from six villages were identified microscopically. Five R. microplus specimens were further processed for phylogenetic analysis and species confirmation. Results:The predominant tick species found on cattle was Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (86.9 %; n = 16,509). Other species found were Amblyomma variegatum (7.2 %; n = 1377), Rhipicephalus evertsi (2.3 %; n = 434) and R. microplus (3.6 %; n = 687). Phylogenetic analysis of the 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and ITS2 gene sequences of R. microplus confirmed the morphological identification. Conclusions:It is concluded that R. microplus has replaced R. decoloratus in the sampled villages in Kadungulu sub-county, since the latter was not any longer found in this area. There is currently no livestock movement policy in force in Uganda, which could possibly limit the further spread of R. microplus ticks. Future surveys, but also retrospective surveys of museum specimens, will reveal the extent of distribution of R. microplus in Uganda and also for how long this tick has been present on livestock without being noticed. BackgroundThe Asian blue tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1888), is one of the most important tick species infesting livestock in many parts of the world [1]. Rhipicephalus microplus has extended its distribution through the translocation of tick-infested cattle. In some regions in Africa, R. microplus has successfully competed and replaced the close related African blue tick, RhipicephalusThe authors wish to acknowledge the District Veterinary Officer of Serere District, Dr Amonya Collins for his help during tick collection. We also acknowledge the cattle owners and local council leaders of the six villages where this study was carried out for offering their cattle and helping with their restraint in this study. We are very grateful to for their help during tick collection and field tick identification to genus level. Ethics approval and consent to participateWritten informed consent was obtained from cattle owners. Cattle restraint, tick collection, 11 preservation, morphological and molecular analyses followed highest veterinary care and scientific standards as approved (SBLS/REC/16/136) by the

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“…In southwestern Uganda, cases of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus ) decoloratus ticks that resist at least 2 classes of acaricides have been reported in over five districts [ 1 ]. Our previous study reported that farmers from southwestern Uganda rely exclusively on acaricides for tick control and did not practice integrated tick control approaches [ 2 ]. In addition, farms keeping crossbreeds of cattle were reported to be extensively using acaricides, shortening the application interval to twice a week and increasing concentration of acaricides by atleast two folds over manufacturer's recommended concentration as a strategy of addressing tick acaricide resistance [ 2 , 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Tick Control and Antibiotic Use Practices at Farm Level in Regions of High and Low Acaricide Resistance in Uganda

Byaruhanga

¹

,

Odua

²

,

Ssebunya

³

et al. 2020

Veterinary Medicine International

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Uganda has experienced tick acaricide resistance in the livestock sector. With increase in incidence of tick-borne diseases (TBDs), use of antibiotics for control of TBDs and other opportunistic diseases has raisedserious concerns. The purpose of this study was to compare the farmers’ tick control and antibiotic use practices on farms in regions of low (LARA) and high (HARA) tick acaricide resistance in Uganda, determine the prevalence of antibiotic residues in milk from both regions, and identify factors associated with antibiotic residues in milk. One representative district was selected from each region from which 10 farms were randomly selected. Delvotest SP-NT® test kit was used to detect antibiotic residues in milk. Half-body tick counts and acaricide efficacy tests were performed. Majority (70%) of HARA’s respondents reported a corresponding increase in a monthly incidence of TBDs with an average of 3.2 cases of TBDs treated per farm compared to 0.2 cases in LARA. East Coast fever (ECF) was identified as the most common TBD in both regions, though cases of coinfection were more common in HARA. Half of HARA’s respondents reported a corresponding increase in the use of antibiotics on their farms due to tick resistance compared to LARA. Antibiotics were the most used drugs on farms in both regions with oxytetracycline being the commonly used antibiotic. Ticks from HARA were resistant to deltamethrin, amitraz, and coformulation (chlorpyriphos and cypermethrin) while resistance against deltamethrin was confirmed in LARA. HARA farms had a significantly higher prevalence of antibiotic residues (21.25%) in raw milk than in LARA (4%) farms (p < 0.05). Acaricide resistance and practice of reading drug use instructions were significantly associated with antibiotic residues in milk at farm level. Overall, the study provides vital information linking acaricide resistance to antibiotic use practices, consequently leading to antibiotic residues in milk.

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Chemical tick control practices in southwestern and northwestern Uganda

Cited by 56 publications

References 17 publications

Invasive cattle ticks in East Africa: morphological and molecular confirmation of the presence of Rhipicephalus microplus in south-eastern Uganda

Invasive cattle ticks in East Africa: morphological and molecular confirmation of the presence of Rhipicephalus microplus in south-eastern Uganda

Invasive cattle ticks in East Africa: morphological and molecular confirmation of the presence of Rhipicephalus microplus in south-eastern Uganda

Comparison of Tick Control and Antibiotic Use Practices at Farm Level in Regions of High and Low Acaricide Resistance in Uganda

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