Chemical warfare agent decontamination studies in the plasma decon chamber

Abstract

A "plasma decon chamber" has been developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Albuquerque, NM, to study the decontamination of chemical and biological warfare agents. This technology is targeted at sensitive electronic equipment for which there is currently no acceptable, nondestructive means of decontamination. Chemical reactivity is provided by a downstream flux of reactive radicals such as atomic oxygen and atomic hydrogen, produced in a capacitively coupled plasma. In addition, the decon chamber provides an environment that accelerates the evaporation of chemical agents from contaminated surfaces by vacuum, heat, and forced convection. Once evaporated, agents and agent byproducts are recirculated directly through the plasma, where they undergo further chemical breakdown. Preliminary studies on actual chemical agents were conducted at the U.S. Army Dugway Proving Ground, Dugway, UT. Exposures were conducted at a system pressure of 30 torr, exposure temperature of 70 C, plasma-to-sample standoff distance of 10 cm, and 10% addition of oxygen or hydrogen to a helium balance. This exposure condition was based on optimization studies conducted at LANL on agent simulants. The agents studied were VX and soman (GD) nerve agents and sulfur mustard (HD) blister agent, as well as a thickened simulant. All agents were decontaminated off aluminum substrates to below the detection limit of 0.1% of the initial contamination level of approximately 1 mg/cm 2. For VX, this level of decontamination was achieved in 8-16 min of exposure, while only 2 min were required for the more volatile HD and GD. Evaporation and subsequent gas-phase chemical breakdown in the plasma appears to be the dominant decontamination mechanism for all of the agents. However, an observed difference in the decontamination process between oxygen and hydrogen indicates that chemical reactivity in the liquid phase also plays an important role.

Decontamination of VX Surrogate Malathion by Atmospheric Pressure Radio-frequency Plasma Jet

“…Malathion (O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate, diethyl-ercapto-succinate), a pesticide, was chosen as the surrogate for VX due to its physical and chemical similarities to VX, but at a much lower level of toxicity [2,13]. In the experiment, the purity of the malathion was higher than 99.2%.…”

“…As its corrosiveness to metals, plastics, leather and even skin etc., the ''wet'' methods are not suitable in such areas as sensitive equipment, electronics or interior space. For this reason, ''dry'' (non-aqueous) plasma decontamination methods have addressed a great range of concerns [2][3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

Physical Mechanisms of Inactivation of Bacillus subtilis Spores Using Cold Atmospheric Plasmas

“…Generated either in a vacuum chamber [2], [3] or in open air at atmospheric pressure [1], [4]- [7], the nonthermal gas discharges are now widely regarded as an exciting low-temperature decontamination technique. In spite of their demonstrated bactericidal capability, however, their inactivation mechanisms are largely unknown, thus preventing nonthermal plasmas from being rapidly developed into a mainstream decontamination technology.…”

Ionic Liquids as Solvent, Catalyst Support Chemical Agent Decontamination and Detoxification

“…In contrast, the half-mustard 2-chloroethyl phenyl sulfide seems to mimic the thickened mustard gas satisfactorily: the polymer first expands, then dissolves. 52,58 Following literature guidance, the relative proportion of polymer with regard to the half-mustard will be set at 10% by weight: in these proportions only part of the polymer was solubilized, the rest being present in an elastic and very viscous form. In order to be efficient, the microemulsion must contain two essential components: an organic solvent able to solubilize both toxin and polymer, and a decontaminating agent that reacts with the toxin and neutralizes it.…”