Chemically converted graphene: scalable chemistries to enable processing and fabrication

Abstract

Graphene, a nanocarbon with exceptional physical and electronic properties, has the potential to be utilized in a myriad of applications and devices. However, this will only be achieved if scalable, processable forms of graphene are developed along with ways to fabricate these forms into material structures and devices. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the chemistries suitable for the development of aqueous and organic solvent graphene dispersions and their use for the preparation of a variety of polymer composites, materials useful for the fabrication of graphene-containing structures and devices. Fabrication of the processable graphene dispersions or composites by printing (inkjet and extrusion) or spinning methods (wet) is reviewed. The preparation and fabrication of liquid crystalline graphene oxide dispersions whose unique rheologies allow the creation of graphene-containing structures by a wide range of industrially scalable fabrication techniques such as spinning (wet and dry), printing (ink-jet and extrusion) and coating (spray and electrospray) is also reviewed.

Fabrication of a graphene coated nonwoven textile for industrial applications

“…Moreover, the thermal, mechanical and optical properties made graphene a choice of material to be used for wide variety of applications [41][42][43][44][45][46]. Graphene oxide (GO) produced by chemical method, can be manufactured in large scale [47][48][49]. The aim of this study is to investigate methods to generate high conductivity, abrasion resistant coatings on non-woven fabric using a dip coating method.…”

High‐Performance Multifunctional Graphene‐PLGA Fibers: Toward Biomimetic and Conducting 3D Scaffolds

“…The application of carbon nanotubes has been restricted due to toxicity issues, arising from cellular uptake and induced oxidative stress to cells [20][21][22] as well as agglomeration during processing. On the other hand, graphene based materials have had a profound impact in the biomedical field thanks to their excellent electrical conductivity, high mechanical strength, ease of functionalization with biomolecules, ability to induce electrical conductivity to biopolymers and facile processing [22][23][24][25][26][27] . Graphene has also been shown to increase cell proliferation [28] and is able to be excreted from the body through the renal system, phagocytosis and endocytosis indicating its suitability for implantation [29][30][31][32] .…”

“…The liquid-phase processing method deals with the exfoliation of powdered graphite to provide graphene derivatives in a liquid by either chemical oxidation or solvent exfoliation. Oxidative exfoliation of graphite results in a processable, but, non-conducting form of graphene, the so-called graphene oxide (GO) [23] . GO-based composites are favorable when the target is to improve the mechanical performance, although the inherent conductivity of graphene can be partially restored [35,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47] .…”

On‐the‐Spot Immobilization of Quantum Dots, Graphene Oxide, and Proteins via Hydrophobins

“…[ 21 ] As a highly oxidized derivate of graphite, it is easily processed in aqueous solutions [22][23][24][25] and synthesized in large quantity, [ 20,26 ] and it is applied in several biotechnological platforms. [ 27 ] The GO monolayer is also a high tunable nanomaterial given the lateral size [ 28 ] and the oxidation degree, [ 29 ] which are pivotal marks of the 2D carbon structure.…”