Chemically Crosslinked Hydrogel Film Leads to Integrated Flexible Supercapacitors with Superior Performance

Wang, Kai; Zhang, Xiong; Li, Chen; Sun, Xianzhong; Meng, Qinghai; Ma, Yanwei; Wei, Zhixiang

doi:10.1002/adma.201503543

Cited by 427 publications

(358 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Indeed, the outstanding anti-freezing property of MAPAH fibers is likely due to the high concentration of sodium ions in the PAAS hydrogel matrix, since concentrated salt solution is anti-freezing. The conductivity of MAPAH fibers is comparable to other conductive hydrogels at room temperature 13–16 and much higher than that of organohydrogels at low temperatures 23 , which indicates the advantage of MAPAH fibers as stretchable and anti-freezing conductive hydrogel fibers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Among various functional hydrogels 9–11 , conductive hydrogels are very promising as stretchable conductive materials, which have been extensively studied for applications such as stretchable sensors 7,8,12 and supercapacitors 13,14 . Most of the conductive hydrogels are made into two-dimensional films or three-dimensional monoliths by molding methods 15,16 , which result in an amorphous material with polymer chain’s random orientation and disordered alignment. If conductive hydrogels can be made into one-dimensional fibers with ordered alignment of polymer chains, some properties of conductive hydrogel fibers (e.g., mechanical properties and conductivity) would be greatly enhanced over conventional conductive hydrogel films and monoliths 17 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bioinspired ultra-stretchable and anti-freezing conductive hydrogel fibers with ordered and reversible polymer chain alignment

et al. 2018

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High-performance stretchable conductive fibers are desired for the development of stretchable electronic devices. Here we show a simple spinning method to prepare conductive hydrogel fibers with ordered polymer chain alignment that mimics the hierarchically organized structure of spider silk. The as-prepared sodium polyacrylate hydrogel fiber is further coated with a thin layer of polymethyl acrylate to form a core–shell water-resistant MAPAH fiber. Owing to the coexistence and reversible transformation of crystalline and amorphous domains in the fibers, MAPAH fibers exhibit high tensile strength, large stretchability and fast resilience from large strain. MAPAH fiber can serve as a highly stretchable wire with a conductive hydrogel core and an insulating cover. The stretchability and conductivity of the MAPAH fiber are retained at −35 °C, indicating its anti-freezing property. As a prime example of stretchable conductive fibers, MAPAH fibers will shed light on the design of next generation textile-based stretchable electronic devices.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioinspired ultra-stretchable and anti-freezing conductive hydrogel fibers with ordered and reversible polymer chain alignment

et al. 2018

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“…[11][12][13][14][15][16] For www.advmattechnol.de that reversibly change its colors between green and blue during redox reactions. [38][39][40][41] Here, we report on a wearable second skin-like multifunctional supercapacitor with self-assembled vertical gold nanowires (v-AuNWs) and electrochromic PANI. In comparison to traditional synthesis of gold-based conductive film such as evaporation, sputtering, or other gilding methods, [42] v-AuNW films offer the advantages of high softness and stretchability that retain integrity under severe deformations, firm attachment to the substrates with high electroactive surface area [43,44] -the two key requirements for current collectors in skin-like ultrathin supercapacitors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Wearable Second Skin‐Like Multifunctional Supercapacitor with Vertical Gold Nanowires and Electrochromic Polyaniline

Ling

Gong

et al. 2018

Adv Materials Technologies

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example, carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene have been successfully used to construct supercapacitors based on various configurations with high capacitance, which could be sewn into textile to build senior stretchable power networks or attached on garments to power LED lights/commercial electronic watch. [17][18][19][20][21][22] Some supercapacitors have also been successfully combined with other energy harvesters to actualize wearable integration systems. [23,24] In addition, metal-based (such as gold and silver) nanomaterials including nanowires or nanoparticles with engineered layout on stretchable substrates or embedded in soft polymer matrix that establish flexible/ stretchable conductive films also begin to show their potential for utilizations in wearable energy devices. [25][26][27][28][29] Despite the encouraging progresses made in flexibility, stretchability, as well as impressive electrochemical performances based on multiple material and design combinations, very limited supercapacitors have actually enabled wearable on-skin applications. To date, it still remains as a great challenge to achieve a second skin-like supercapacitor that can integrate lightweightness, skin-thinness, high conformability, patternable features, and high capacitance into durable energy storage system working under all kinds of skin deformations. The recently reported epidermal supercapacitor based on ultrathin CNT film sheds light on the potential. [30] The as-fabricated supercapacitor could be seamlessly attached on human skin and function under various static skin deformations. Overall, the development of ultrathin skin-conformable supercapacitors with reasonably high capacitance that can operate under both static and dynamic skin deformations is still on the initial stage, which requires further efforts.Multifunctionality is another requirement for the next-generation wearable and implantable energy devices. [31] The application of electrochromic materials offers the superiority of combining energy storage and smart color transitions in one system. [32][33][34][35] As for supercapacitors, the colors of electrodes verify when applying different voltages so that the energy level of supercapacitors can be monitored easily by naked eyes. [36,37] PANI (polyaniline) as a popular polymer material has been widely used in supercapacitor area due to its relatively high conductivity, high pseudocapacitance, flexibility, and color-changing characteristics An ideal wearable/implantable bio-diagnostics can be powered by second skin-like energy devices in that they offer advantages such as conformal attachment/integration, lightweightness, and moduli-matching properties. Past several years have witnessed encouraging progresses in soft stretchable supercapacitors by various material combinations and design strategies; however, it remains nontrivial to achieve highly flexible high-performance supercapacitors in a skin-thin layout yet with multifunctionality. Here, such a second skin-like electrochromic supercapa...

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] During last 5-7 years, we witnessed the rapid improvement of unconventional supercapacitors including high-performance (especially the areal and volumetric properties) supercapacitors, [6][7][8][9] novel structured micro-supercapacitors, [10][11][12] ultrathin and transparent devices, [13,14] flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors, [15][16][17][18][19] and on-chip and large-scale integrated micro-supercapacitors. [1][2][3][4][5] During last 5-7 years, we witnessed the rapid improvement of unconventional supercapacitors including high-performance (especially the areal and volumetric properties) supercapacitors, [6][7][8][9] novel structured micro-supercapacitors, [10][11][12] ultrathin and transparent devices, [13,14] flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors, [15][16][17][18][19] and on-chip and large-scale integrated micro-supercapacitors.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraordinary Areal and Volumetric Performance of Flexible Solid‐State Micro‐Supercapacitors Based on Highly Conductive Freestanding Ti₃C₂T_x Films

Huang

Zhang

et al. 2018

Adv Elect Materials

108

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as well as light-weight, remarkable flexibility, and security. [1][2][3][4][5] During last 5-7 years, we witnessed the rapid improvement of unconventional supercapacitors including high-performance (especially the areal and volumetric properties) supercapacitors, [6][7][8][9] novel structured micro-supercapacitors, [10][11][12] ultrathin and transparent devices, [13,14] flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors, [15][16][17][18][19] and on-chip and large-scale integrated micro-supercapacitors. [20][21][22] Although these breakthroughs were made, development of MSCs is still in its infancy. And lots of importance and challenges such as 3D architecture design, highconductive leakage-free electrolytes, low self-discharge effect, large-scale on-chip integration at microscale, high mechanical reliability, and outstanding performances in areal and volumetric need to be further addressed. Similar to conventional supercapacitors with inflexibility and liquid electrolytes, the intrinsic properties of the electrode materials, which are critical to high-performance supercapacitors and the method of electrode fabrication, evidently play the most important role in developing state-of-the-art MSCs. In this respect, it is the key to find one material that possesses both outstanding mechanical flexibility and electrochemical performance.MXenes, one kind of novel 2D materials, are promising candidates for developing state-of-the-art MSCs because of their outstanding electrical conductivity, superior areal and Approaching state-of-the-art areal and volumetric capacitances while maintaining high-power characteristic is a big challenge that promotes practical application of flexible solid-state micro-supercapacitors (MSCs), which have recently attracted great attention with the rapid development of flexible microelectronics. Herein, it is reported that freestanding extrahigh conductive Ti 3 C 2 T x (MXene) films with excellent flexibility and effectively controlled thickness ranging from 1-21 µm performed as excellently scalable and flexible solid-state MSCs owing to their ultrahigh underlying electrical conductivity (up to 1.25 × 10 5 S m −1 ) and self-functionalized surfaces (O, OH, and F terminations). Amazingly, freestanding conductive Ti 3 C 2 T x based flexible solid-state MSCs with interdigital electrodes and polyvinyl alcohol/sulfuric acid (PVA/H 2 SO 4 ) gel electrolyte display outstanding areal capacitances of 340 mF cm −2 at 0.25 mA cm −2 based on the two working electrodes. Moreover, the maximum corresponding volumetric capacitance and energy density of flexible solid-state MSCs reach up to 183 F cm −3 and 12.4 mWh cm −3 , which is on the topmost level among all the unconventional supercapacitors to date. Compared with materials currently used in MSCs, this freestanding conductive Ti 3 C 2 T x shows potential and scalability in increasing overall

show abstract

Chemically Crosslinked Hydrogel Film Leads to Integrated Flexible Supercapacitors with Superior Performance

Cited by 427 publications

References 42 publications

Bioinspired ultra-stretchable and anti-freezing conductive hydrogel fibers with ordered and reversible polymer chain alignment

Bioinspired ultra-stretchable and anti-freezing conductive hydrogel fibers with ordered and reversible polymer chain alignment

A Wearable Second Skin‐Like Multifunctional Supercapacitor with Vertical Gold Nanowires and Electrochromic Polyaniline

Extraordinary Areal and Volumetric Performance of Flexible Solid‐State Micro‐Supercapacitors Based on Highly Conductive Freestanding Ti₃C₂T_x Films

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Chemically Crosslinked Hydrogel Film Leads to Integrated Flexible Supercapacitors with Superior Performance

Cited by 427 publications

References 42 publications

Bioinspired ultra-stretchable and anti-freezing conductive hydrogel fibers with ordered and reversible polymer chain alignment

Bioinspired ultra-stretchable and anti-freezing conductive hydrogel fibers with ordered and reversible polymer chain alignment

A Wearable Second Skin‐Like Multifunctional Supercapacitor with Vertical Gold Nanowires and Electrochromic Polyaniline

Extraordinary Areal and Volumetric Performance of Flexible Solid‐State Micro‐Supercapacitors Based on Highly Conductive Freestanding Ti3C2Tx Films

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Extraordinary Areal and Volumetric Performance of Flexible Solid‐State Micro‐Supercapacitors Based on Highly Conductive Freestanding Ti₃C₂T_x Films