Chemically-mediated predator-recognition learning in a marine gastropod

Rochette, Rémy; Arsenault, David J.; Justome, B.; Himmelman, John H.

doi:10.1080/11956860.1998.11682473

Cited by 51 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Learning about predators through pairing predation directly with the predator or via damaged conspecific alarm cues or both has been noted in several invertebrates including gastropods (Chivers et al, 1996;Hazlett et al, 2002;Langerhans and Dewitt, 2002;Rochette et al, 1998). However, the majority of these studies utilized wild-caught animals, which makes it impossible to determine whether predator-induced defence responses were innate or the result of prior experience (Dalesman et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predator detection inLymnaea stagnalis

Orr

El-Bekai

Lui

et al. 2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

106

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SUMMARY Laboratory-reared Lymnaea are capable of detecting and responding to the scent of a crayfish predator. The present investigation is a first attempt to characterize multiple stress-related behavioural responses resulting from predator detection and to depict the neurophysiological correlates of one of these illustrated behaviours. Snails respond to crayfish effluent (CE) by increasing the following behaviours: aerial respiration,exploratory/searching phase and sensitivity to the shadow-elicited full-body withdrawal response. In contrast, when snails detect CE they decrease both their righting response time when dislodged from the substratum and their basal cutaneous oxygen consumption. Interestingly, basal heart rate does not change in response to CE exposure. Finally, we directly measured the activity of the neuron that initiates aerial respiratory behaviour, RPeD1, in semi-intact preparations. Naïve snails exposed to CE prior to recording demonstrated both a significantly reduced spontaneous firing rate and fewer bouts of bursting activity compared with non-exposed snails. These data show that laboratory-reared Lymnaea that have never experienced a natural predator are still capable of detecting and responding to the presence of a historically sympatric predator. These data open a new avenue of research,which may allow a direct investigation from the behavioural to the neuronal level as to how an ecologically relevant stressful stimulus alters behaviour.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predator detection inLymnaea stagnalis

Orr

El-Bekai

Lui

et al. 2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

106

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“…In aquatic gastropods, evidence has been found for plasticity in response to prior or prolonged exposure to predation cues, both in terms of morphological DeWitt 1998;Trussell 2000) and behavioural responses (Turner et al 2006;Rochette et al 1998;Dalesman et al 2006), although there appears to also be an innate element to the behaviour (Turner et al 2006;Dalesman et al 2006). Here we use laboratory trials to investigate whether predator avoidance behaviour in the pulmonate gastropod, Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) can be selected for.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crawl-out behaviour in response to predation cues in an aquatic gastropod: insights from artificial selection

2008

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Local adaptation to predation often occurs in populations experiencing stable predator regimes. Under such conditions, prey species may respond by fine-tuning their behavioural defences towards a local optimum, although it is often difficult to ascertain whether such local adaptation is due to selection on fixed traits, developmental plasticity that is dependent on relatively long term exposure to environmental cues or phenotypic plasticity that can respond rapidly to a changing environment. Here we investigate whether anti-predator behaviour in two populations of the freshwater gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis responded to artificial selection. Previous work had shown that populations of this species showed a higher level of innate avoidance behaviour (crawling above the water line) in the presence of predatory fish compared with sites lacking this predation threat. By selectively breeding from high and low response selection lines, we demonstrated that this crawl-out behaviour responds rapidly to artificial selection: high response selection lines showed a significant increase and low response selection lines a significant decrease in avoidance compared with non-selected control lines. This suggests that the crawl out response in this species is heritable, and that there is potential for a response to selection in natural populations, which may produce the divergence in the plasticity of crawl out behaviour found between gastropod populations experiencing high and low predation intensity.

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“…Specifically, I assume that at birth a fraction, ␣, of all offspring are slow-dispersing individuals having diffusion rate D s , and that the remaining fraction, 1-␣, of offspring are fast-dispersing individuals having diffusion rate D f , as if there existed an environmental effect, independent of genotype, that partitioned individuals into two subpopulations, slow dispersers and fast dispersers (Skalski and Gilliam 2003). An environmentally induced dispersal polymorphism of this nature could be attributable to, for example, spatially or temporally variable wind (Nathan et al 2002), water currents and their associated effects on the dispersal of seeds or larvae, or the exposure (or lack thereof) of offspring to a predator or similarly stressful event during some critical phase of development (e.g., Rochette et al 1998;Mirza and Chivers 2000). Aside from differences in dispersal rates, I assume that all individuals within a given genotype are demographically identical.…”

Section: Allele Invasion With Dispersal Heterogeneitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Diffusive Spread of Alleles in Heterogeneous Populations

Skalski

2004

Evolution

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Abstract. The spread of genes and individuals through space in populations is relevant in many biological contexts. I study, via systems of reaction-diffusion equations, the spatial spread of advantageous alleles through structured populations. The results show that the temporally asymptotic rate of spread of an advantageous allele, a kind of invasion speed, can be approximated for a class of linear partial differential equations via a relatively simple formula, c ϭ 2, that is reminiscent of a classic formula attributed to R. A. Fisher. The parameters r and D represent an ͙rD asymptotic growth rate and an average diffusion rate, respectively, and can be interpreted in terms of eigenvalues and eigenvectors that depend on the population's demographic structure. The results can be applied, under certain conditions, to a wide class of nonlinear partial differential equations that are relevant to a variety of ecological and evolutionary scenarios in population biology. I illustrate the approach for computing invasion speed with three examples that allow for heterogeneous dispersal rates among different classes of individuals within model populations. 2 ‫ץ‬t ‫ץ‬x can be interpreted as describing the frequency of a focal allele (e.g., genes of type 1), P ϭ P(x,t), as a function of onedimensional space, x, and time, t, in a biallelic diploid population of constant size (constant across space and time), where D Ͼ 0 is the diffusion coefficient (assumed to be the same for all individuals in the population), and m is the difference in the additive effects of the two alleles on Malthusian fitness. This description of Fisher's equation holds under the assumptions that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (at every point in space) and that there are no dominance effects on Malthusian fitness. Equation (1) is exact under the above conditions, but also applies approximately in more general settings (Nagylaki and Crow 1974;Aronson and Weinberger 1975;Smouse 1976;Fife 1979;Dockery andLui 1992, 1994;Lui and Selgrade 1993). The focal allele is assumed to be advantageous (i.e., m Ͼ 0) so that, when initially rare, it comes to spread through the population, resulting in an allelic invasion. In this setting, solutions to Fisher's equation, as time progresses, take the form of waves traveling across space, and are called traveling wave solutions having associated wave speeds (in the present context wave speed and invasion speed are treated as equivalent concepts). Although Fisher (1937) provided essentially no derivation of equation (1) his central argument that a rare, advantageous allele comes to spread through its population as a wave with invasion speedwhich was proven in a more general setting by Kolmogoroff et al. (1937), is foundational in theoretical biology, demonstrating that the spatial spread of a rare allele through a population depends on both its relative effect on reproductive capacity, m, and its mobility, D. While many studies have extended the basic form of Fisher's equation to more complex ecological and ...

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Chemically-mediated predator-recognition learning in a marine gastropod

Cited by 51 publications

References 46 publications

Predator detection inLymnaea stagnalis

Predator detection inLymnaea stagnalis

Crawl-out behaviour in response to predation cues in an aquatic gastropod: insights from artificial selection

The Diffusive Spread of Alleles in Heterogeneous Populations

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