For TiO 2 photocatalysts, recombination of photoexcited electrons and holes would occur in crystalline defects such as oxygen vacancies, Ti 3+ ions, and surface states. Therefore, it is believed that the density of crystalline defects should be decreased to improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 particles. Contrary to this common knowledge, the introduction of crystalline defects by hydrogen reduction treatment is shown to increase the lifetime of photoexcited electrons in rutile TiO 2 photocatalysts with an increase of n-type electrical conductivity. The photocatalytic activities of H 2 -reduced rutile TiO 2 were higher than those of anatase TiO 2 and mixed-phase TiO 2 . This chapter explains the effect of donor doping on the photocatalytic activity of rutile TiO 2 , the relationship between its physicochemical properties and photocatalytic performances, and the mechanism of the enhanced activity of H 2 -reduced TiO 2 . Particle size dependence on the enhanced activities suggests the formation of a space charge layer in large TiO 2 crystallites.