Chemische Zusammensetzung verbrannter Siedlungsabfälle

Schenk, Kaarina; Fahrni, Hans-Peter

doi:10.37307/j.1863-9763.2007.04.06

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Almost 100% of combustible waste (municipal, industrial or construction waste and sewage sludge) in Switzerland is incinerated, which corresponded to 3.8 million metric tons in 2012 (0.48 ton per capita). , Bromine contents of Swiss waste ranged from 110–440 mg Br/kg waste depending on the waste composition. ,, Bromine in waste originates mainly from brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which are used, e.g., in electronic and electric equipment, in building and construction components, and in textiles and cars . A mass flow analysis for Switzerland of major BFRs, polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), reveals that 450 t a –1 of bromine from these BFRs were incinerated in Swiss waste incinerators in the late 1990s .…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After incineration of brominated waste, bromine is transferred as bromide to the wastewater of the scrubber to the fly ash or to the slag (Scheme ). ,,, A total of 25 of the 29 Swiss municipal waste incinerators are equipped with scrubbers, and 13 also wash their fly ash on site to recycle heavy metals (Table S1 ). After the heavy-metal precipitation, the resulting wastewaters have low heavy-metal concentrations but still-high concentrations of dissolved solids (e.g., a few grams per liter of chloride) (Figures S4–S5).…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, mining activities or the use of methyl bromide led to increased bromide concentrations in rivers. , Due to its negative charge and its conservative behavior, bromide also easily infiltrates from surface water to groundwater . Furthermore, scrubbers in coal-fired power plants , or incinerators retain bromine from exhaust gas, which is later released to surface waters as bromide by the discharge of wastewater of the scrubbers. Recently, it has been reported that hydraulic fracturing to extract natural gas from shale produces brines with high halide concentrations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scheme 1. Fate of Brominated Flame Retardants in Municipal Waste Incinerators and the Discharge of Bromide to Surface Waters (Data from Morf et al)15…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bromide Sources and Loads in Swiss Surface Waters and Their Relevance for Bromate Formation during Wastewater Ozonation

Soltermann

Abegglen²,

Götz³

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

152

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Bromide measurements and mass balances in the catchments of major Swiss rivers revealed that chemical industry and municipal waste incinerators are the most important bromide sources and account for ∼50% and ∼20%, respectively, of the ∼2000 tons of bromide discharged in the Rhine river in 2014 in Switzerland. About 100 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) will upgrade their treatment for micropollutant abatement in the future to comply with Swiss regulations. An upgrade with ozonation may lead to unintended bromate formation in bromide-containing wastewaters. Measured bromide concentrations were <0.05 mg L(-1) in ∼75% of 69 WWTPs, while they ranged from 0.4 to ∼50 mg L(-1) in WWTPs with specific bromide sources (e.g., municipal waste incinerators, landfill leachate, and chemical industry). Wastewater ozonation formed little bromate at specific ozone doses of ≤0.4 mg O3/mg DOC, while the bromate yields were almost linearly correlated to the specific ozone dose for higher ozone doses. Molar bromate yields for typical specific ozone doses in wastewater treatment (0.4-0.6 mg O3/mg DOC) are ≤3%. In a modeled extreme scenario (in which all upgraded WWTPs release 10 μg L(-1) of bromate), bromate concentrations increased by <0.4 μg L(-1) in major Swiss rivers and by several micrograms per liter in receiving water bodies with a high fraction of municipal wastewater.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scheme 1. Fate of Brominated Flame Retardants in Municipal Waste Incinerators and the Discharge of Bromide to Surface Waters (Data from Morf et al)15…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bromide Sources and Loads in Swiss Surface Waters and Their Relevance for Bromate Formation during Wastewater Ozonation

Soltermann

Abegglen²,

Götz³

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

152

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“…Scrubbers in coal-fired power plants [128,129], incinerations [130], mining activities [131], and gas extractions industries, including hydraulic fracturing in natural gas extraction, release a massive amount of brines containing a high concentration of halides [108,109,123,127].…”

Section: Bromidementioning

confidence: 99%

Technologies for Halide Removal in Water Treatment – A State-of-the-Art Review

Nariyan

Hamilton

et al. 2022

Glob. Environ. Eng.

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Halides (X=Cl, Br, I) are naturally present in water, and halide concentrations can be high in water sources that are impacted by high salinity. Halides are also present in wastewater streams from various industrial operations such as pulp and paper, oil and gas, and mining. Drinking water guideline limits have been established for halides, and halide removal from water is important in several ways. Chloride concentration in water is more related to salinity, and its removal from water matters because of adverse health effects, water scarcity, corrosion, and industrial needs. In drinking water treatment, disinfection is essential to improve water quality and prevent the spread of water born pathogens. However, disinfectants also produce harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs) from precursors such as halides and natural organic matter (NOM) in the source water. Removing halides in the source water before disinfection is a preferred option to increase the disinfection efficiency and avoid forming more toxic DBPs. Some industrial-made isotopes are radioactive and carcinogenic, and iodide produces iodinated DBPs. Bromide removal is important because it produces brominated DBPs. Halides also affect AOPs and can cause more active radicals such as OH. and SO4-. to transform into less active radicals. This paper aims to comprehensively review the sources of halides, the chemistry, and interaction in forming DBPs, current regulatory limits and state-of-art removal technologies available, and their challenges.

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Transition of the Swiss Phosphorus System towards a Circular Economy—Part 1: Current State and Historical Developments

Mehr

Jedelhauser²,

Binder

2018

Sustainability

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Current phosphorus (P) use in European countries is highly dependent on mineral P imports and not sustainably managed. In order to identify and implement measures for sustainable P management, a comprehensive understanding of national P flows and stocks and their temporal dynamics is essential. We conduct a substance flow analysis (SFA) of the Swiss P system of the year 2015, and study the dynamics of the national P system by looking into its development since 1989. Furthermore, we investigate how political-legislative interventions affected the P system during this period. The results show that between 1989 and 2015, the P efficiency in Swiss agriculture increased from 59% to 94%, mainly due to a considerable reduction of fertilization in the agricultural subsystem. At the same time, Switzerland's P import dependency decreased from 33% to 24% between 1989 and 2002 because of a reduction of mineral fertilizer import and use. Between 2002 and 2015, the import dependency stagnated because further improvements in P use efficiency in agriculture were outweighed by a decrease of P recycling and an increase of P losses in the waste management system. By embedding these temporal dynamics in their political-legislative context, we found that top-down interventions such as incentives for a balanced nutrient budget in agriculture, restrictions of the use of animal by-products in the agri-food system or the ban of direct sewage sludge recycling in agriculture significantly affected and shaped the national P system. Our analysis provides profound quantitative and qualitative insights into past and present P management in Switzerland and is followed by part 2 of the paper, where we analyze possible future pathways of P management.

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Chemische Zusammensetzung verbrannter Siedlungsabfälle

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Bromide Sources and Loads in Swiss Surface Waters and Their Relevance for Bromate Formation during Wastewater Ozonation

Bromide Sources and Loads in Swiss Surface Waters and Their Relevance for Bromate Formation during Wastewater Ozonation

Technologies for Halide Removal in Water Treatment – A State-of-the-Art Review

Transition of the Swiss Phosphorus System towards a Circular Economy—Part 1: Current State and Historical Developments

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