Chemistry and biology of marine-derived Trichoderma metabolites

Abstract

Marine-derived fungi of the genus Trichoderma have been surveyed for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals since 1993, with various new secondary metabolites being characterized from the strains of marine animal, plant, sediment, and water origin. Chemical structures and biological activities of these metabolites are comprehensively reviewed herein up to the end of 2022 (covering 30 years). More than 70 strains that belong to at least 18 known Trichoderma species have been chemically investigated during this period. As a result, 445 new metabolites, including terpenes, steroids, polyketides, peptides, alkaloids, and others, have been identified, with over a half possessing antimicroalgal, zooplankton-toxic, antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and other activities. The research is highlighted by the molecular diversity and antimicroalgal potency of terpenes and steroids. In addition, metabolic relevance along with co-culture induction in the production of new compounds is also concluded. Trichoderma strains of marine origin can transform and degrade heterogeneous molecules, but these functions need further exploration. Graphical Abstract

Trichoderma and Mycosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles: Role of Their Secondary Metabolites

“…Therefore, it is a field of research with high potential that could lead to the search or generation of new strains with higher production of these SMs. Recently, more than 70 strains from Trichoderma were reported and they produce around 445 new metabolites, including terpenes, steroids, polyketides, peptides, and alkaloids, which can be used as reducing or capping agents [78].…”