Chemistry and mineralogy of Precambrian paleosols at the base of the Dominion and Pongola Groups (Transvaal, South Africa)

Grandstaff, David E.; Edelman, M.J; Foster, R. W.; Zbinden, Eric; Kimberley, Michael M.

doi:10.1016/0301-9268(86)90003-3

Cited by 101 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Such unconformitybound paleosols have been recognized in many Precambrian terranes Roscoe 1991, 1996;Gay and Grandstaff 1980;Grandstaff et al 1986). Apart from their restricted occurrence at the basement-cover sequence interface, the upper sharp and lower gradational contact of the sericite schists of Rajasthan conforms to the field criteria for recognizing paleosols (see Grandstaff et al 1986). Occurrence of clasts of these sericite schists in the overlying conglomeratic quartzites further corroborates the above inference (cf.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…It has been suggested by many workers that the major stratigraphic boundaries in the Precambrian terranes are the locales for paleosols (Retallack et al 1984;Retallack 1990;Kimberley and Holland 1992). Such unconformitybound paleosols have been recognized in many Precambrian terranes Roscoe 1991, 1996;Gay and Grandstaff 1980;Grandstaff et al 1986). Apart from their restricted occurrence at the basement-cover sequence interface, the upper sharp and lower gradational contact of the sericite schists of Rajasthan conforms to the field criteria for recognizing paleosols (see Grandstaff et al 1986).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Geochemistry of sericite deposits at the base of the paleoproterozoic aravalli supergroup, Rajasthan, India: Evidence for metamorphosed and metasomatised precambrian paleosol

2001

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Fine grained sericite deposits occur at the interface between Archean Mewar Gneiss Complex and the Proterozoic Aravalli Supergroup independent of shearing. They show a gradational contact with the basement granites and gneisses and a sharp contact with the overlying quartz pebble conglomeratic quartzites. Rip-up clasts of these sericite schists are found in the overlying conglomerates. The sericite schists are rich in sericite towards the top and contain chlorite towards the base. The sericite in these schists was formed by metasomatic alteration of kyanite and not from the feldspars of the basement granitoids and gneisses. Uni-directional variations of SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 , high Al 2 O 3 content (>30%), positive correlation between Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 , Ti/Al and Ti/Zr ratios, high pre-metasomatic chemical indices of alteration (>90), and enrichment of heavy rare earth elements relative to the parent granites and gneisses---all these chemical characteristics combined with field evidence suggest that the sericite schists are formed from a paleosol protolith, which developed on Archean basement between 2.5 and $2.1 Ga in the Precambrian of Rajasthan. The superimposed metasomatic alteration restricts the use of Fe 2 þ /Ti and Fe 3 þ /Ti ratios of these paleosols for interpretation of PO 2 conditions in the atmosphere.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Geochemistry of sericite deposits at the base of the paleoproterozoic aravalli supergroup, Rajasthan, India: Evidence for metamorphosed and metasomatised precambrian paleosol

2001

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“…Supplementary evidence for exposed lands may consist of thick soils developed on these ancient surfaces (Buick et al 1995;Hoffman 1995;Ohmoto et al 2007;Johnson et al 2009Johnson et al , 2010. The further growth of continents and their sedimentary cover, implying extensive intracratonic terrestrial settings that remained relatively stable (although still affected by erosion, sea level changes, tectonics, and volcanism), is reflected in the ample record of paleosols onward (see study approaches and examples by Jackson 1967; Gay and Grandstaff 1980;Holland 1984;Aspler and Donaldson 1986;Grandstaff et al 1986;Kimberley and Grandstaff 1986;Reimer 1986;Retallack 1986b;Farrow and Mossman 1988;Zbinden et al 1988;Palmer et al 1989;Holland 1992;Gall 1994;Macfarlane et al 1994;Martini 1994;Retallack and Mindszenty 1994;Driese et al 1995;Banerjee 1996;Ohmoto 1996;Prasad and Roscoe 1996;Gutzmer and Beukes 1998;Thiry and Simon-Coincon 1999;Rye and Holland 2000;Watanabe et al 2000;Retallack 2001 and references therein; Yang and Holland 2003;Driese and Gordon-Medaris 2008;Pandit et al 2008;Bandopadhyay et al 2010). This record of old paleosols holds indirect proof of the early environmental conditions on Earth and early life on land.…”

Section: The Fossil Record Of Terrestrial Lifementioning

confidence: 99%

Early life on land and the first terrestrial ecosystems

Beraldi-Campesi¹

2013

Ecol Process

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Terrestrial ecosystems have been largely regarded as plant-dominated land surfaces, with the earliest records appearing in the early Phanerozoic (<550 Ma). Yet the presence of biological components in pre-Phanerozoic rocks, in habitats as different as soils, peats, ponds, lakes, streams, and dune fields, implies a much earlier type of terrestrial ecosystems. Microbes were abundant by~3,500 Ma ago and surely adapted to live in subaerial conditions in coastal and inland environments, as they do today. This implies enormous capacities for rapid adaptations to changing conditions, which is supported by a suggestive fossil record. Yet, evidence of "terrestrial" microbes is rare and indirect in comparison with fossils from shallow or deeper marine environments, and its record has been largely overlooked. Consequently, the notion that microbial communities may have formed the earliest land ecosystems has not been widely accepted nor integrated into our general knowledge. Currently, an ample record of shallow marine and lacustrine biota in~3,500 Ma-old deposits, together with evidence of microbial colonization of coastal environments~3,450 Ma ago and indirect geochemical evidence that suggests biological activity in >3,400 Ma-old paleosols endorses the idea that life on land perhaps occurred in parallel with aquatic life back in the Paleoarchean. The rapid adaptations seen in modern terrestrial microbes, their outstanding tolerance to extreme and fluctuating conditions, their early and rapid diversification, and their old fossil record collectively suggest that they constituted the earliest terrestrial ecosystems, at least since the Neoarchean, further succeeding on land and forming a biomass-rich cover with mature soils where plant-dominated ecosystems later evolved. Understanding how life diversified and adapted to non-aquatic conditions from the actualistic and paleontological perspective is critical to understanding the impact of life on the Earth's systems over thousands of millions of years.

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“…El paulatino crecimiento de los continentes (i.e. Santosh, 2010) y la resultante expansión de zonas subaéreas se refleja en el amplio espectro de paleosuelos Proterozoicos (ver métodos de estudio y ejemplos en Jackson, 1967;Gay y Grandstaff, 1980;Holland, 1984;Aspler y Donaldson, 1986;Grandstaff et al, 1986;Kimberley y Grandstaff, 1986;Reimer, 1986;Retallack, 1986b;Farrow y Mossman, 1988;Zbinden et al, 1988;Palmer et al, 1989;Holland, 1992;Gall, 1994;Macfarlane et al, 1994;Martini, 1994;Retallack y Mindszenty, 1994;Driese et al, 1995;Banerjee, 1996;Ohmoto, 1996;Prasad y Roscoe, 1996;Gutzmer y Beukes, 1998;Thiry y Simon-Coincon, 1999;Rye y Holland, 2000;Watanabe et al, 2000;Retallack, 2001 y referencias incluidas; Yang y Holland, 2003;Driese y Gordon-Medaris, 2008;Pandit et al, 2008;Bandopadhyay et al, 2010). Este registro de paleosuelos contiene información indirecta sobre las condiciones del medio terrestre primitivo y conserva firmas geoquímicas que pudieran demostrar una cubierta biológica asociada a éste.…”

Section: El Registro Fósil De La Vida Terrestreunclassified

La vida temprana en la Tierra y los primeros ecosistemas terrestres

Beraldi-Campesi¹

2014

BSGM

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La vida temprana en la Tierra y los primeros ecosistemas terrestres 65 ResumenLos ecosistemas terrestres han sido considerados tradicionalmente como superficies dominadas por plantas, cuyos primeros registros datan del Fanerozoico temprano (< 550 Ma/millones de años). Sin embargo, la presencia de componentes biológicos mucho más antiguos que las plantas en hábitats tan distintos como suelos, turberas, estanques, lagos, arroyos y dunas, sugiere que los ecosistemas terrestres comenzaron a existir en la Tierra hace al menos 2700 Ma. Los microbios fueron abundantes hace ~3500 Ma y sin duda se adaptaron a vivir en condiciones subaéreas, en entornos intermareales y en zonas áridas y semiáridas, como lo hacen actualmente los microbios terrestres, y que tienen una enorme y rápida capacidad de adaptación a condiciones cambiantes. Todo ello está respaldado por el registro fósil. No obstante, esta evidencia es inusual e indirecta en comparación con fósiles de ambientes marinos, superficiales o profundos, y su registro ha sido poco atendido. En consecuencia, la noción de que fueron comunidades microbianas las que formaron los primeros ecosistemas terrestres no ha sido ampliamente difundido ni incorporado conceptualmente en la sociedad. Hoy conocemos un amplio registro fósil de biota marina somera y lacustre a partir de los ~3500 Ma, así como microbios colonizando ambientes costeros desde hace ~3450 Ma y evidencia indirecta de actividad biológica en paleosuelos de > 3400 Ma de edad. El tipo de ambientes, de donde proviene esta evidencia, sugiere que la vida terrestre se produjo casi en paralelo con la vida acuática en el Arqueano. Las rápidas adaptaciones observadas en microbios actuales, su excepcional tolerancia a condiciones extremas y fluctuantes, su rápida y temprana diversificación y su antiguo registro fósil, indican que los primeros ecosistemas terrestres fueron exclusivamente microbianos. Es factible que los microbios contribuyeran en la formación de los primeros suelos donde las plantas se desarrollaron más tarde. Comprender cómo la vida se diversificó y adaptó a las condiciones terrestres es fundamental para entender su impacto en los sistemas terrestres durante millones de años. Beraldi-Campesi 66 661. Introducción Definición de terrestreLos ambientes terrestres seguramente han existido a través de toda la historia geológica de la Tierra a menos que su superficie estuviera permanentemente bajo el agua, lo cual no es aceptablemente realista. La definición de 'terrestre' no es tan trivial como parece. Aunque aquí se define como un ambiente 'no acuático', la distinción entre lo marino y lo terrestre atraviesa un amplio espectro de ambientes transicionales, donde lo acuático y lo no-acuático evolucionan y superponen en el tiempo. Comúnmente se entiende que un entorno terrestre (sobre el nivel del mar), puede incluir ambientes acuáticos (lagos cubiertos o no de hielo, lagunas y humedales, turberas, ríos y arroyos, campos geotérmicos) y no-acuáticos (especialmente zonas con poca lluvia). Estos hábitats pueden experimen...

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Chemistry and mineralogy of Precambrian paleosols at the base of the Dominion and Pongola Groups (Transvaal, South Africa)

Cited by 101 publications

References 18 publications

Geochemistry of sericite deposits at the base of the paleoproterozoic aravalli supergroup, Rajasthan, India: Evidence for metamorphosed and metasomatised precambrian paleosol

Geochemistry of sericite deposits at the base of the paleoproterozoic aravalli supergroup, Rajasthan, India: Evidence for metamorphosed and metasomatised precambrian paleosol

Early life on land and the first terrestrial ecosystems

La vida temprana en la Tierra y los primeros ecosistemas terrestres

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