Chemistry and Pharmacology of Solitary Wasp Venoms

Piek, T.; Spanjer, W.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-554770-3.50009-7

Cited by 72 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 188 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Many ectoparasitoids are known to paralyze permanently or kill the hosts at the time of parasitization (Beard, 1963(Beard, , 1978Shaw, 1981;Piek and Spanjer, 1986). However, some ectoparasitic Eulophidae, including E. separatae, allow the hosts to continue feeding after parasitization, although they seem to paralyze their host temporarily (Neser, 1973;Gerling and Limon, 1976;Uematsu, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How does the ectoparasitoid wasp Euplectrus separatae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) recognize a suitable oviposition site on the host larva Pseudaletia separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)?

Nakamatsu

Tanaka

2005

Appl. Entomol. Zool.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The larval ectoparasitoid of Pseudaletia separata, Euplectrus separatae oviposits exclusively on the dorsolateral surface from the 3rd thoracic to the 2nd abdominal segment of the host. Larval parasitoids are well known to be exposed to risks from aggressive defense behavior when they attempt to parasitize a host. E. separatae female sting the host to inject a venom prior to oviposition. At this time the female wasp is exposed to a serious risk from aggressive host behavior. However, the female avoids the risk by moving to a specific segment of the host. The question arose as to how the female wasp recognizes the specific segments of the host. The female wasp mounted the host larva from the posterior dorsal part and moved forward on the host. The female used chemical cues to recognize the posterior part of the host body. Diethyl ether extracts from the last abdominal segments of the host were more attractive to females than extracts from the head. Motionless behavior in the host after the female wasp mounted did not induce the forward movement of the female wasp. Once the female was on the host she used crawling of the host body (peristaltic movement) as a stimulus to move forward on the host. Another key stimulus to cause the parasitoid to cease movement forward on the specific segments of the host was examined. When a host head was attached to the 3rd abdominal segment, the female wasp shifted the oviposition site adequately behind the head on the host body, suggesting that the head is used as a visual cue to pinpoint a suitable oviposition site.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How does the ectoparasitoid wasp Euplectrus separatae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) recognize a suitable oviposition site on the host larva Pseudaletia separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)?

Nakamatsu

Tanaka

2005

Appl. Entomol. Zool.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Along with the development of social behaviors, venom composition underwent changes towards producing such ingredients that would be more and more effective at defending against such an attacker. The venom of solitary wasps have properties allowing to use it primarily for paralyzing and then killing the victims serving as food for its larvae (Piek & Spanjer, 1986). Vespinae produce venoms, which by of its composition is effective in obtaining food as well as in defense (Nadolski, 2000).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Colors and Appearance of the Potential Aggressor on Defensive Behavior of Vespa crabro L. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Colonies.

Nadolski¹

2013

Sociobiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Defensive behavior of the European hornet Vespa crabro colonies were studied using the dummy and balloons in different colors. The strong aggressiveness level of hornet's workers was caused by dark colors (black and brown) and orange. The colors white and green did not cause their attack. However, the strongest reactions of hornets were caused by dummy with the animal snout and dark hair on the head. Thus people who are near wasp colonies should have clothes in white or green and hair obscured but when the whole nest is eliminate, they have to have a safe outfit properly constructed.

show abstract

“…The infrared spectrum also revealed the presence of phosphorus-containing structures, typical of enzymes, in the venom. Though the presence of enzymatic activity in N. vitripennis venom has yet to be confirmed, venoms from several endoparasitic species and social Hymenoptera have been shown to contain multiple types of enzymes (Moreau et al, 2004;Parkinson et al, 2001;2002a,b;Piek and Spanjier, 1986;Schmidt, 1982;Uçkan et al, 2004). Enzyme activity, however, does not likely account for the ability of venom from N. vitripennis to arrest host development or evoke death as crude venom preparations contained the protease inhibitor PMSF as well as the chelating agent EDTA, and high concentrations of anti-phenoloxidase antibodies had no influence on venom activity.…”

Section: January 2006mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is not surprising, then, that neither were detected electrophoretically since their low molecular masses would allow them to migrate much more rapidly than other venom proteins in 10-12% acrylamide gels (Garfin, 1990). Though these paralytic agents are common in venoms from social Hymenoptera (Piek and Spanjier, 1986) and the endoparasitoid P. turionella (Uçkan et al, 2004), biological assays using cultured cells indicate that either apamin or histamine do not affect the cells tested or neither was present in active form within venom from N. vitripennis. This finding is not unexpected considering that apamin and histamine are typical of paralytic venoms used primarily for defense (Blum, 1981;Schmidt, 1982).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and biochemical analyses of venom from the ectoparasitic waspNasonia vitripennis (Walker) (hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

Rivers

Uçkan

Ergın

2005

Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

During parasitism, the ectoparasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) induces a developmental arrest in host pupae that is sustained until the fly is either consumed by developing larvae or the onset of death. Bioassays using fluids collected from the female reproductive system (calyx, alkaline gland, acid gland, and venom reservoir) indicated that the venom gland and venom reservoir are the sources of the arrestant and inducer(s) of death. Infrared spectroscopic analyses revealed that crude venom is acidic and composed of amines, peptides, and proteins, which apparently are not glycosylated. Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and sodium dodecyl polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) confirmed the proteinaceous nature of venom and that it is composed mostly of mid to high molecular weight proteins in the range of 13 to 200.5 kilodaltons (kDa). Ammonium sulfate precipitation and centrifugal size exclusion membranes were used to isolate venom proteins. SDS-PAGE protein profiles of the isolated venom fractions displaying biological activity suggest that multiple proteins contribute to arresting host development and eliciting death. Additionally, HPLC fractionation coupled with use of several internal standards implied that two of the low molecular weight proteins were apamin and histamine. However, in vitro assays using BTI-TN-5B1-4 cells contradict the presence of these agents. Abbreviations used: HPLC = high performance liquid chromatography; I.R. = infrared spectroscopy; kDa = kilodalton; LC 99 = lethal concentration to kill 100% of population; LD = light-dark; MWCO = molecular weight cutoff; SDS-PAGE = sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; TFA = trifluoroacetic acid; VRE = venom reservoir equivalent.

show abstract

Chemistry and Pharmacology of Solitary Wasp Venoms

Cited by 72 publications

References 188 publications

How does the ectoparasitoid wasp Euplectrus separatae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) recognize a suitable oviposition site on the host larva Pseudaletia separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)?

How does the ectoparasitoid wasp Euplectrus separatae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) recognize a suitable oviposition site on the host larva Pseudaletia separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)?

Effects of Colors and Appearance of the Potential Aggressor on Defensive Behavior of Vespa crabro L. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Colonies.

Characterization and biochemical analyses of venom from the ectoparasitic waspNasonia vitripennis (Walker) (hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About