Chemistry of animal venoms

Zlotkin, Eliahu

doi:10.1007/bf01943859

Cited by 36 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 275 publications

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“…Scorpion toxins, similarly to sea anemone toxins, prolong action potentials by specifically slowing down the inactivation of the Na+ channel (Romey et al, 1975;Catterall, 1976;Bernard et al, 1977). Among all the scorpion toxins which have been purified (Miranda et al, 1970;Zlotkin, 1973;Babin et al, 1975;Possani et al, 1977Possani et al, ,1978, the most toxic are those extracted from the scorpion A. australis Hector, and the most active on mice is toxin II from this venom which has a LD50 of 9 Mg/kg. LDso's of toxins from A. australis Hector, Buthus occitanus tunetanus, and Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus are between 9 and 225 Mg/kg (Miranda et al, 1970).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification and pharmacological properties of eight sea anemone toxins from Anemonia sulcata, Anthopleura xanthogrammica, Stoichactis giganteus and Actinodendron plumosum

Schweitz¹,

Vincent²,

Barhanin³

et al. 1981

Biochemistry

131

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Eight different polypeptide toxins from sea anemones of four different origins (Anemonia sulcata, Anthopleura xanthogrammica, Stoichactis giganteus, and Actinodendron plumosum) have been studied. Three of these toxins are new; the purification procedure for the five other ones has been improved. Sea anemone toxins were assayed (i) for their toxicity to crabs and mice, (ii) for their affinity for the specific sea anemone toxin receptor situated on the Na+ channels of rat brain synaptosomes, and (iii) for their capacity to increase, in synergy with veratridine, the rate of 22Na+ entry into neuroblastoma cells via the Na+ channel. Some of the toxins are more active on crustaceans, whereas others are more toxic to mammals. A very good correlation exists between the toxic activity to mice, the affinity of the toxin for the Na+ channel in rat brain synaptosomes, and the stimulating effect on 22 Na+ uptake by neuroblastoma cells. The observation has also been made that the most cationic toxins are also the most active on mammals and the least active on crustaceans. Toxicities (LD50) to mice of the most active sea anemone toxins and of the most active scorpion toxins are similar, and sea anemone toxins at high enough concentrations prevent binding of scorpion toxins to their receptor. However, scorpion toxins have affinities for the Na+ channel which are approximately 60 times higher than those found for the most active sea anemone toxins. Three sea anemone toxins appear to be more interesting than toxin II from A. sulcata (the "classical" sea anemone toxin) for studies of the Na+ channel structure and mechanism when the source of the channel is of a mammalian origin. Two of these three toxins can be radiolabeled with iodine while retaining their toxic activity; they appear to be useful tools for future biochemical studies of the Na+ channel.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification and pharmacological properties of eight sea anemone toxins from Anemonia sulcata, Anthopleura xanthogrammica, Stoichactis giganteus and Actinodendron plumosum

Schweitz¹,

Vincent²,

Barhanin³

et al. 1981

Biochemistry

131

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“…Gilbert (1979, in press), in his excellent paper on insecdplant relationships, suggests that Tiger moths probably represent an atypical group of toxic plant specialists. It seems likely that any groups of insects which are examined in depth will present this degree of atypical features and "special situations", for the relationships between plants, insects and predators are so infinitely complicated and the chemicals involved in defence so diverse and complex (Zlotkin, 1973). Furthermore the Arctiids may well share their type of specializations with several other groups which favour similar food plants (Rothschild 8c Aplin, 197 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in arctiid moths (Lep.) with a discussion on host plant relationships and the role of these secondary plant substances in the Arctiidae

Rothschild

Aplin

Cockrum

et al. 1979

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

109

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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) have been identified in six species of Arctiidae reared on Senecio and Crotalaria. These include senecionine, seneciphylline, integerrimine, jacobine, jacozine, jacoline, jaconine and a metabolite (C,,H,,NO,) from Senecio, and monocrotaline, trichodesmine and crispatine from Crotalaria.The all-red aberration of Tyriajacobaeae (var. conyij contained much less of the metabolite than normal examples of this species. Female Spilosoma lutea reared on the same plants of S. Jhcobaea contained markedly more jacobine and jacoline than the males.Host plant relationships and secondaly plant substances are discussed. It is suggested that the Arctiid moths' own deterrent secretions, directed against vertebrate predators, pre-adapts them for reeding on foliage likewise protected against large herbivores by toxic secondary plant substances such as cardenolides and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. These latter substances are more toxic to vertebrate than to insect herbivores, and their dual function of deterrent and insect aphrodisiac puts a premium on their sequestration and storage once a species has achieved the initial steps, and occupied the plant niche concerned. It is further suggested that the polyphagous habits of the Arctiidae result in a more equitable distribution of the secondary plant substances within the Miillerian complex concerned, thus providing a generalized warning message for the potential vertebrate predator.KEY WORDS:-arctiid moths -host plant relationships -pyrrolizidine alkaloid storage.

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“…(1975) showed that washing the TTX-inhibited preparation removed the TTX and the ACh liberating activity of TsTX appears unhindered, suggesting a strong binding between the TsTX a n d the preparation. Absence of SH groups and presence of SS bonds have been reported in many scorpion toxins (ZLOTKIN, 1973). The reaction for SH groups cannot be demonstrated in TsTX, even in the presence of strong denaturants (HENEINE.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

THE EFFECT OF SULFHYDRYL REAGENTS ON THE TITYUSTOXIN‐INDUCED ACETYLCHOLINE RELEASE IN RAT BRAIN SLICES¹

Oliveira

Heneine

Gomez

1976

Journal of Neurochemistry

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Abstract— Pre‐treatment of rat brain slices with organic mercurials prevents the increased acetylcholine release induced by tityustoxin. This inhibition is reversed by dithiothreitol. N‐Ethylmaleimide blocks the tityustoxin effect irreversibly. Simultaneous incubation with mercurials and toxin reveals a competition of both ligands for a membrane sulfhydryl group apparently required for tityustoxin activity.

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Chemistry of animal venoms

Cited by 36 publications

References 275 publications

Purification and pharmacological properties of eight sea anemone toxins from Anemonia sulcata, Anthopleura xanthogrammica, Stoichactis giganteus and Actinodendron plumosum

Purification and pharmacological properties of eight sea anemone toxins from Anemonia sulcata, Anthopleura xanthogrammica, Stoichactis giganteus and Actinodendron plumosum

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in arctiid moths (Lep.) with a discussion on host plant relationships and the role of these secondary plant substances in the Arctiidae

THE EFFECT OF SULFHYDRYL REAGENTS ON THE TITYUSTOXIN‐INDUCED ACETYLCHOLINE RELEASE IN RAT BRAIN SLICES¹

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Chemistry of animal venoms

Cited by 36 publications

References 275 publications

Purification and pharmacological properties of eight sea anemone toxins from Anemonia sulcata, Anthopleura xanthogrammica, Stoichactis giganteus and Actinodendron plumosum

Purification and pharmacological properties of eight sea anemone toxins from Anemonia sulcata, Anthopleura xanthogrammica, Stoichactis giganteus and Actinodendron plumosum

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in arctiid moths (Lep.) with a discussion on host plant relationships and the role of these secondary plant substances in the Arctiidae

THE EFFECT OF SULFHYDRYL REAGENTS ON THE TITYUSTOXIN‐INDUCED ACETYLCHOLINE RELEASE IN RAT BRAIN SLICES1

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THE EFFECT OF SULFHYDRYL REAGENTS ON THE TITYUSTOXIN‐INDUCED ACETYLCHOLINE RELEASE IN RAT BRAIN SLICES¹