Chemistry of Carotenoids

Riaz, Muhammad; Zia-Ul-Haq, Muhammad; Dou, Deqiang

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-46459-2_2

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…[150][151][152] The structural feature of conjugated double bonds leads to a high reducing potential and antioxidant activity of these tetraterpene compounds. 153,154 Any structural modifications, such as the number of conjugated double bonds alongside the addition of oxygen-containing functional groups, could altogether alter the chemical reactivity (i.e. quenching capability and antioxidant capacity) of a carotenoid molecule.…”

Section: Safety Aspects Of Carotenoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antioxidative attributes of carotenoids are principally governed by the extensive system of conjugated double (CC) bonds in their polyene chains 150–152 . The structural feature of conjugated double bonds leads to a high reducing potential and antioxidant activity of these tetraterpene compounds 153,154 . Any structural modifications, such as the number of conjugated double bonds alongside the addition of oxygen‐containing functional groups, could altogether alter the chemical reactivity (i.e.…”

Section: Bioactive Carotenoids As Antioxidantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carotenoids modulate stress tolerance and immune responses in aquatic animals

Lim

Yusoff

Karim

et al. 2022

Reviews in Aquaculture

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Aquaculture continues to expand swiftly and remains the fastest-growing food industry worldwide amidst ever-present threats from chronic stressors and emerging diseases. Nutrition plays a pivotal role in the profitability and viability of the aquaculture industry that steered a paradigm shift to therapeutic nutrition. Carotenoids, also termed tetraterpenoids, have garnered considerable attention owing to their therapeutic attributes and immeasurable health benefits, which incited a surge in global demand. These biological pigments are recognized to promote immune systems and antioxidant defence mechanisms in both aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates. This review brings forth existing scientific evidence and underscores the notable roles of carotenoids as biologically active constituents with anti-stress and immunostimulatory potentials in farmed aquatic animals whilst explicating possible mechanisms of action. Empirical data unequivocally established the modulatory functions of carotenoids on endogenous antioxidant enzymes, innate and adaptive arms of the immune response, as well as the expression of multiple antioxidant and immune-related genes. The comprehensive information presented is beneficial to deepen our understanding of the utilization of carotenoids as potent stress alleviators and immunostimulants in cultured aquatic animals, which is translated into improved health.Advancements in aquatic animal health and welfare could principally contribute to reconstructing a more sustainable aquaculture industry. This article may be useful for subsequent investigations towards further advances in research and innovation to a greener blue revolution in solving the challenge of global food security.

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Section: Safety Aspects Of Carotenoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bioactive Carotenoids As Antioxidantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carotenoids modulate stress tolerance and immune responses in aquatic animals

Lim

Yusoff

Karim

et al. 2022

Reviews in Aquaculture

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show abstract

“…Additionally, they can contain several functional groups in their chemical architecture, such as acetate, hydroxyl, epoxide, carboxylic, sulfate, and lactone groups [ 14 ]. Based on these features, carotenoids are classified into acyclic carotenes (e.g., lycopene and ζ -carotene), cyclic carotenes (e.g., α -carotene and β -carotene), carotenols (e.g., lutein and zeaxanthin), epoxycarotenoids (e.g., auroxanthin and luteoxanthin), crocetin glycosides (e.g., crocin), monoketo β -carotenes (e.g., echinenone), and 4,4′-diketo derivatives of β -carotene (e.g., canthaxanthin) [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Therapeutic Potential of Carotenoids in Preventing and Managing Metabolic Disorders

Ortega-Regules,

Martínez-Thomas,

Schürenkämper-Carrillo

et al. 2024

Plants

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Carotenoids constitute compounds of significant biological interest due to their multiple biological activities, such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antiadipogenic, antidiabetic, and antioxidant properties. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprehends a series of metabolic abnormalities (e.g., hypertension, obesity, and atherogenic dyslipidemia) that can affect children, adolescents, and the elderly. The treatment of MetS involves numerous medications, which, despite their efficacy, pose challenges due to prolonged use, high costs, and various side effects. Carotenoids and their derivatives have been proposed as alternative treatments to MetS because they reduce serum triglyceride concentrations, promote insulin response, inhibit adipogenesis, and downregulate angiotensin-converting enzyme activity. However, carotenoids are notably sensitive to pH, light exposure, and temperature. This review addresses the activity of carotenoids such as lycopene, lutein, fucoxanthin, astaxanthin, crocin, and β-carotene towards MetS. It includes a discussion of sources, extraction methods, and characterization techniques for analyzing carotenoids. Encapsulation approaches are critically reviewed as alternatives to prevent degradation and improve the biological performance of carotenoids. A brief overview of the physiopathology and epidemiology of the diseases, including MetS, is also provided.

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“…These have further been grouped into carotenes and xanthophylls [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Carotenes are composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms, whereas xanthophylls are oxygenated derivatives which may have hydroxy groups (e.g., zeaxanthin), keto groups (e.g., canthaxanthin) or combinations of groups (e.g., astaxanthin, fucoxanthin, violaxanthin) [ 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Astaxanthin as a King of Ketocarotenoids: Structure, Synthesis, Accumulation, Bioavailability and Antioxidant Properties

et al. 2023

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Astaxanthin (3,3-dihydroxy-β, β-carotene-4,4-dione) is a ketocarotenoid synthesized by Haematococcus pluvialis/lacustris, Chromochloris zofingiensis, Chlorococcum, Bracteacoccus aggregatus, Coelastrella rubescence, Phaffia rhodozyma, some bacteria (Paracoccus carotinifaciens), yeasts, and lobsters, among others However, it is majorly synthesized by Haematococcus lacustris alone (about 4%). The richness of natural astaxanthin over synthetic astaxanthin has drawn the attention of industrialists to cultivate and extract it via two stage cultivation process. However, the cultivation in photobioreactors is expensive, and converting it in soluble form so that it can be easily assimilated by our digestive system requires downstream processing techniques which are not cost-effective. This has made the cost of astaxanthin expensive, prompting pharmaceutical and nutraceutical companies to switch over to synthetic astaxanthin. This review discusses the chemical character of astaxanthin, more inexpensive cultivating techniques, and its bioavailability. Additionally, the antioxidant character of this microalgal product against many diseases is discussed, which can make this natural compound an excellent drug to minimize inflammation and its consequences.

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Chemistry of Carotenoids

Cited by 10 publications

References 53 publications

Carotenoids modulate stress tolerance and immune responses in aquatic animals

Carotenoids modulate stress tolerance and immune responses in aquatic animals

Recent Advances in the Therapeutic Potential of Carotenoids in Preventing and Managing Metabolic Disorders

Astaxanthin as a King of Ketocarotenoids: Structure, Synthesis, Accumulation, Bioavailability and Antioxidant Properties

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