Chemistry of Human Breast Milk—A Comprehensive Review of the Composition and Role of Milk Metabolites in Child Development

Garwolińska, Dorota; Namieśnik, Jacek; Kot‐Wasik, Agata; Hewelt-Belka, Weronika

doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04031

Cited by 111 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 262 publications

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“…BM contains water (88%) nutrients (lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals), bioactive components as growth-factors (GFs), hormones, cytokines, chemokines, antimicrobial compounds like immunoglobulins (Ig), a specific microbiome and BM-related cells including epithelial, immune cells and multipotents stem cells (SCs) [60][61][62].…”

Section: Metabolomics In Neonatal Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How could metabolomics change pediatric health?

Bardanzellu

Fanos

2020

Ital J Pediatr

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In the last years, 'omics' technologies, and especially metabolomics, emerged as expanding scientific disciplines and promising technologies in the characterization of several pathophysiological processes. In detail, metabolomics, able to detect in a dynamic way the whole set of molecules of low molecular weight in cells, tissues, organs, and biological fluids, can provide a detailed phenotypic portray, representing a metabolic "snapshot." Thanks to its numerous strength points, metabolomics could become a fundamental tool in human health, allowing the exact evaluation of individual metabolic responses to pathophysiological stimuli including drugs, environmental changes, lifestyle, a great number of diseases and other epigenetics factors. Moreover, if current metabolomics data will be confirmed on larger samples, such technology could become useful in the early diagnosis of diseases, maybe even before the clinical onset, allowing a clinical monitoring of disease progression and helping in performing the best therapeutic approach, potentially predicting the therapy response and avoiding overtreatments. Moreover, the application of metabolomics in nutrition could provide significant information on the best nutrition regimen, optimal infantile growth and even in the characterization and improvement of commercial products' composition. These are only some of the fields in which metabolomics was applied, in the perspective of a precision-based, personalized care of human health. In this review, we discuss the available literature on such topic and provide some evidence regarding clinical application of metabolomics in heart diseases, auditory disturbance, nephrouropathies, adult and pediatric cancer, obstetrics, perinatal conditions like asphyxia, neonatal nutrition, neonatal sepsis and even some neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism. Our research group has been interested in metabolomics since several years, performing a wide spectrum of experimental and clinical studies, including the first metabolomics analysis of human breast milk. In the future, it is reasonable to predict that the current knowledge could be applied in daily clinical practice, and that sensible metabolomics biomarkers could be easily detected through cheap and accurate sticks, evaluating biofluids at the patient's bed, improving diagnosis, management and prognosis of sick patients and allowing a personalized medicine. A dream? May be I am a dreamer, but I am not the only one.

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Section: Metabolomics In Neonatal Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How could metabolomics change pediatric health?

Bardanzellu

Fanos

2020

Ital J Pediatr

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“…46 Garwolińska et al (2018) utilizaram HPLC acoplada a MS (HPLC-MS) para a caracterização de glicerofosfolipídios, glicerolipídios, esfingolipídios e esteróis, e mostraram que o método utilizado é rápido, livre de solventes tóxicos e adequado para a análise qualitativa da composição lipídica de amostras de LH. 15 A HPLC-MS é uma técnica que pode ser utilizada para a caracterização e quantificação de fosfolipídios do LH, podendo estes serem separados por uma coluna C18 em classes como fosfatidilinositol, fosfatidiletanolamina, fosfatidilserina, fosfatidilcolina e esfingomielina. 13 Tavazzi et al (2018) utilizaram HPLC-MS/MS em fase normal para quantificar estas classes mais abundantes de fosfolipídios em LH, demonstrando que este equipamento possui alta sensibilidade capaz de detectar compostos de baixo peso molecular.…”

Section: Cromatogra Ia Líquida (Lc)unclassified

“…10,11,14 A elevada ingestão de colesterol pelo neonato tem sido sugerida como um fator benéfico, principalmente nos primeiros dias de vida, por estar envolvido na síntese de mielina presente nos neurônios, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central e por possuir importante papel no metabolismo de ácidos biliares e esteroides. [11][12][13][14][15] A distribuição das diferentes classes de lipídios presentes no leite humano e suas principais funções é apresentada na Figura 1.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Analytical Methods Used for the Determination of Lipids in Human Milk: A Review

Rydlewski¹,

Pizzo²,

Manin³

et al. 2020

Rev. Virtual Quim.

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Human milk is considered the ideal and most complete food for the neonate, due to its balanced nutritional composition, which contributes to the full physical and neurological development of the infant. The lipids present in human milk are sources of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-6 series, such as linoleic acid and omega-3 series, such as α-linolenic acid, are essential and are also precursors of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, which are involved in a number of functions, such as the development of the nervous system during childhood and the increase in the intelligence quotient of the infant. Due to the lipid importance of human milk, the aim of this review article was to present the analytical methods that are currently being employed to determine its lipid composition. There are few scientific advances in lipid extraction methods and to date, most studies have evaluated the composition of fatty acids by gas chromatography. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry have been widely used to identify and quantify different classes of lipids of human milk. O leite humano é considerado o alimento ideal e mais completo para o neonato, devido à sua composição nutricional equilibrada, contribuindo para o pleno desenvolvimento físico e neurológico do lactente. Os lipídios presentes no leite humano são fontes de ácidos graxos saturados, monoinsaturados e poliinsaturados. Os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados da série ômega-6, como o ácido linoleico e da série ômega-3, como o α-linolênico, são essenciais e também são precursores de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados de cadeia longa, como o ácido araquidônico, ácido eicosapentaenoico e ácido docosahexaenoico, que estão envolvidos no desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso e no aumento do quociente de inteligência do lactente. Devido à importância lipídica do leite humano, o objetivo deste artigo de revisão foi apresentar os métodos analíticos que têm sido atualmente mais empregados para determinar sua composição lipídica. Há poucos avanços científicos quanto aos métodos de extração lipídica e até o presente momento, grande parte dos estudos avaliaram, a composição em ácidos graxos, a partir de cromatografia em fase gasosa. A cromatografia líquida e a espectrometria de massas têm sido utilizadas para identificação e quantificação de distintas classes lipídicas presentes no leite humano.

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“…Breast milk is a unique source of nutrition that meets the nutritional and physiological needs of the newborn. Breast milk is considered as the "gold standard" for infant nutrition [1]. World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF recommendations on breastfeeding are as follows: initiation of breastfeeding within the first hour after the birth; exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months; and continued breastfeeding for two years or more together with safe and appropriate complementary foods [2] [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast Milk: Its Role in Early Development of the Immune System and Long-Term Health

Harmancıoğlu¹,

Kabaran²

2019

OJOG

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Breast milk is the best source of nutrition that provides the energy and nutrients needed for the ideal growth and development of newborns and infants. Besides, breast milk includes various bioactive compounds, which protects infants against infectious agents and antigens and contributes to immune maturation, organ development and microbial colonization. Breast milk is dynamic; the composition of the nutrients and the content of immunological active compounds may change in each stage of lactation. During the early stages of lactation, biological and immunological active compounds provide additional support to the development of the neonatal immune system. After these stages, the composition of breast milk continues to provide appropriate energy and nutrients according to the infant needs, in order to protect neonatal immune system and maintain the development and growth of infants. Immunological maturation during the fetal life and the first months of life is provided by immunoglobulins in breast milk, which are among the most important immune protective factors and transferred to infants through breastfeeding. Due to their biological characteristics, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (SIgA) antibodies are the most important antibodies in breast milk, which provide the first defense against the antigens in the intestines of infants. In addition to antibodies, enzymes, including active leukocytes, cytokines, oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, lysozyme and lactoperoxidase, as well as biological and immunological factors, such as hormones, growth factors, bioactive peptides, nucleotides and fatty acids are transferred to infants through breastfeeding. There is now a growing body of evidence suggesting that breastfeeding protects infants against many infections such as gastrointestinal system and respiratory tract infections, strengthens immune system and provides protective effects against allergic and autoimmune diseases in later life.

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Chemistry of Human Breast Milk—A Comprehensive Review of the Composition and Role of Milk Metabolites in Child Development

Cited by 111 publications

References 262 publications

How could metabolomics change pediatric health?

How could metabolomics change pediatric health?

Analytical Methods Used for the Determination of Lipids in Human Milk: A Review

Breast Milk: Its Role in Early Development of the Immune System and Long-Term Health

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