Chemistry of insect cuticle. 3. Hardening and darkening of the cuticle

Hackman, R.H.

doi:10.1042/bj0540371

Cited by 72 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Such reduction in melanism decreases the absorption of radiation (Hackman, 1953;Murkin & Arango, 2009), causing lower body temperatures (Lindstedt et al, 2009;Watt, 1969). Either mechanism, or both combined, would shift the curve leftward with increasing temperature, thus especially reducing melanism in flies of intermediate body sizes.…”

Section: Body Size-melanism Trade-offmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this effect appears to be countered by the surface thermal radiation downwards (Figure 4d; parameter c in Table 1). Long-wave radiation absorbance is not influenced by melanism because it exceeds the pigment's absorbance spectrum (Hackman, 1953;Murkin & Arango, 2009), but it is affected by body size. Long-wave radiation absorbance is not influenced by melanism because it exceeds the pigment's absorbance spectrum (Hackman, 1953;Murkin & Arango, 2009), but it is affected by body size.…”

Section: Body Size-melanism Trade-offmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Melanin absorbs short-wave radiation (Hackman, 1953;Murkin & Arango, 2009), and this so-called surface solar radiation downwards shifts the curve leftwards and reduces the steepness of its slope ( Figure 4c; parameters b & e in Table 1). The absorption of shortwave radiation results in increased body temperature (Lindstedt et al, 2009;Watt, 1969), thus promoting overheating risk.…”

Section: Body Size-melanism Trade-offmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climatic factors shape plastic trade‐offs in the polyphenic black scavenger fly Sepsis thoracica (Diptera: Sepsidae)

Busso

Blanckenhorn

2017

Journal of Biogeography

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Aim Trade‐offs allow individuals to optimize their fitness by tailoring the investment into different traits to variable environmental conditions, such as along geographical gradients. Trade‐offs thus can help in adjusting to changing thermal and insolation profiles, especially in small ectotherms, whose body temperature typically follows environmental temperatures closely. Two traits usually involved in latitudinal adaptation are body size and melanism. Since both traits are costly, individuals need to optimize investment into each trait. Here, we studied how environmental factors influence this trade‐off in the short and long‐term. Location Europe. Methods We raised flies from 15 latitudinal populations at three constant temperatures in a laboratory common garden to differentiate plastic and evolutionary responses to temperature. We further analysed how the different insolation components of the populations’ habitats influenced the evolution of the trade‐off. Results Male Sepsis thoracica (Diptera: Sepsidae) feature a sigmoid relationship between melanism and body size, defining two strikingly different male morphs: obsidian (small and black) and amber (large and orange). This relationship was altered by the developmental temperature, documenting its plasticity. The relationship further evolved across populations in response to the environmental characteristics of their habitat, notably temperature, insolation and UV radiation, suggesting that plasticity also has an underlying genetic basis. Nevertheless, melanism, but not body size, merely slightly increased with latitude. Main conclusions As the plastic and evolutionary responses of the relationship to temperature differed, plasticity does not necessarily follow the direction of evolution of this trade‐off, but rather adds to it. Our study evinces the role of several environmental factors in shaping the evolution of a plastic melanism—body size relationship defining a rare male polymorphism in temperate sepsid flies.

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Section: Body Size-melanism Trade-offmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Body Size-melanism Trade-offmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Body Size-melanism Trade-offmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climatic factors shape plastic trade‐offs in the polyphenic black scavenger fly Sepsis thoracica (Diptera: Sepsidae)

Busso

Blanckenhorn

2017

Journal of Biogeography

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“…This is possible only when the reacting quinone is derived from protocatechuic acid (LXXX); in this case the carboxyl group is readily displaced by amines (29). End-to-end The absorption spectra observed by Hackman (413) during the interaction of arthropodin with o-benzoquinone generated from catechol in the presence of pheriolase contain a characteristic maximum at 480 mp during the early phase. This maximum corresponds to that of amino acid derivatives of o-benzoquinone (63,87,198) and confirms the mechanism proposed for the initial steps in sclerotization.…”

Section: Phenolase Complexmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This maximum corresponds to that of amino acid derivatives of o-benzoquinone (63,87,198) and confirms the mechanism proposed for the initial steps in sclerotization. The final steps yield products characterized by general absorption in the visible range of the spectrum (413). The physical properties of these products suggest that crosslinked polymerization has occurred.…”

Section: Phenolase Complexmentioning

confidence: 99%