Chemistry of palytoxin and its analogues

Ciminiello, Patrizia; Dell’Aversano, Carmela; Forino, Martino

doi:10.1002/9781118500354.ch5

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…PTX is structurally complex and an extremely potent marine toxin (Beletskaya, Collins, & Murray, ). It is associated with a Hawaiian legend called “limu‐make‐o‐Hana” meaning “seaweed of death from Hana.” Studies later revealed that the samples from the Hana tide pool were not of seaweed, but of a soft coral ( Palythoa toxica ) (Ciminiello, Dell'Aversano, & Forino, ). According to Wang (), PTX has later been found in other organisms such as seaweeds and shellfish (Beletskaya et al., ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food safety hazards in the European seaweed chain

Banach

Hil

Fels‐Klerx

2020

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

139

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Seaweed is a source of protein that can help overcome the anticipated challenges of a growing world population and the current challenges for finding alternatives for animal proteins in the Western diet. Thus far, data on the safety of seaweed for feed and food purposes in the Western world are scattered. This study aimed to review the available knowledge on the presence of food safety hazards in seaweed, including factors influencing their presence, and to prioritize the hazards that may pose a risk to human health. Given current knowledge from the literature, data from the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed, and results from a stakeholder survey, 22 food safety hazards were ranked into major (4), moderate (5), and minor (13) hazards. Arsenic, cadmium, iodine, and Salmonella were identified as major hazards. Hazards, where data gaps exist, should be carefully assessed. These include pesticide residues, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals, marine biotoxins, allergens, micro‐ and nanoplastics, other pathogenic bacteria, norovirus, and hepatitis E virus. It is recommended to collect more data on these hazards in future studies. Many factors can affect the presence of hazards including seaweed type, physiology, season, harvest and cultivation environment, geography including the location of cultivation, alongside further processing. Moreover, when seaweed is cultivated near industrialized or anthropogenic activities, these activities may negatively influence water quality, which can increase the likelihood of hazards in seaweed. Results of the ranking prioritized hazards can be used to prioritize monitoring programs and adjusted given future additional knowledge covering the data gaps.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food safety hazards in the European seaweed chain

Banach

Hil

Fels‐Klerx

2020

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

139

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“…In tropical Indo-Pacific latitudes, Ostreopsis has been associated with poisoning after the ingestion of clupeid fishes, crabs or sea urchins contaminated with palytoxin (PLTX) (Noguchi et al , 1987; Taniyama et al 2003; see review by Deeds & Schwartz, 2010, and references cited therein). This compound and its analogues (Ciminiello et al , 2011, 2015 and references therein; Brissard et al , 2015) are among the most potent biotoxins of marine origin. Nevertheless, in spite of the well-documented but very limited number of severe PLTX-related poisoning cases in these tropical areas, the true risk of PLTX poisoning through seafood consumption in humans is difficult to assess.…”

Section: Direct Impacts Of Habs On Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fortunately, to date, food poisonings related to the PLTX-like group have not been reported in the Mediterranean, although the biotoxin has been detected in certain marine fauna (e.g. Aligizaki et al , 2011; Biré et al , 2013; Brissard et al , 2014; Ciminiello et al , 2015). The European regulation to monitor PLTX has not yet become established, although the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA, 2009) assessed the risks to human health associated with the presence of PLTX-group biotoxins in shellfish, recommending a maximum concentration of 30 µg eqPLTX kg −1 fresh weight.…”

Section: Direct Impacts Of Habs On Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine harmful algal blooms, human health and wellbeing: challenges and opportunities in the 21st century

et al. 2015

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Microalgal blooms are a natural part of the seasonal cycle of photosynthetic organisms in marine ecosystems. They are key components of the structure and dynamics of the oceans and thus sustain the benefits that humans obtain from these aquatic environments. However, some microalgal blooms can cause harm to humans and other organisms. These harmful algal blooms (HABs) have direct impacts on human health and negative influences on human wellbeing, mainly through their consequences to coastal ecosystem services (fisheries, tourism and recreation) and other marine organisms and environments. HABs are natural phenomena, but these events can be favoured by anthropogenic pressures in coastal areas. Global warming and associated changes in the oceans could affect HAB occurrences and toxicity as well, although forecasting the possible trends is still speculative and requires intensive multidisciplinary research. At the beginning of the 21st century, with expanding human populations, particularly in coastal and developing countries, mitigating HABs impacts on human health and wellbeing is becoming a more pressing public health need. The available tools to address this global challenge include maintaining intensive, multidisciplinary and collaborative scientific research, and strengthening the coordination with stakeholders, policymakers and the general public. Here we provide an overview of different aspects of the HABs phenomena, an important element of the intrinsic links between oceans and human health and wellbeing.

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“…A number of PLTX analogues have been detected in sub-tropical microalgae belonging to the genus Ostreopsis and named ovatoxins from O. cf. ovata and Ostreopsis fattorussoi , ostreocins from O. siamensis and mascarenotoxins from O. mascarenensis [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Palytoxin and its congeners are large molecules of polyketide nature with a molecular weight > 2600 Da, featuring a polyhydroxylated and a partially unsaturated aliphatic chain containing assorted cyclic ether, amine, amide and ketal/hemiketal functionalities ( Figure S1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Isolation of Palytoxins: Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Low- or High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Study on the Impact of Drying Techniques, Solvents and Materials

Mazzeo

Varra

Tartaglione

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Palytoxin (PLTX) and its congeners are emerging toxins held responsible for a number of human poisonings following the inhalation of toxic aerosols, skin contact, or the ingestion of contaminated seafood. Despite the strong structural analogies, the relative toxic potencies of PLTX congeners are quite different, making it necessary to isolate them individually in sufficient amounts for toxicological and analytical purposes. Previous studies showed poor PLTX recoveries with a dramatic decrease in PLTX yield throughout each purification step. In view of a large-scale preparative work aimed at the preparation of PLTX reference material, we have investigated evaporation as a critical—although unavoidable—step that heavily affects overall recoveries. The experiments were carried out in two laboratories using different liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) instruments, with either unit or high resolution. Palytoxin behaved differently when concentrated to a minimum volume rather than when evaporated to complete dryness. The recoveries strongly depended on the solubility as well as on the material of the used container. The LC-MS analyses of PLTX dissolved in aqueous organic blends proved to give a peak intensity higher then when dissolved in pure water. After drying, the PLTX adsorption appeared stronger on glass surfaces than on plastic materials. However, both the solvents used to dilute PLTX and that used for re-dissolution had an important role. A quantitative recovery (97%) was achieved when completely drying 80% aqueous EtOH solutions of PLTX under N2-stream in Teflon. The stability of PLTX in acids was also investigated. Although PLTX was quite stable in 0.2% acetic acid solutions, upon exposure to stronger acids (pH < 2.66), degradation products were observed, among which a PLTX methyl-ester was identified.

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Chemistry of palytoxin and its analogues

Cited by 6 publications

References 101 publications

Food safety hazards in the European seaweed chain

Food safety hazards in the European seaweed chain

Marine harmful algal blooms, human health and wellbeing: challenges and opportunities in the 21st century

Toward Isolation of Palytoxins: Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Low- or High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Study on the Impact of Drying Techniques, Solvents and Materials

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