Chemistry of Protein Toxins in Snake Venoms

Karlsson, Evert

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66913-2_5

Cited by 170 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 184 publications

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“…Pharmacologically, short neurotoxins bind to acetylcholine receptors, thereby preventing the depolarizing action of acetylcholine (Karlsson, 1979). A previous study (Strydom, 1979) suggests that NXSs are monophyletic relative to the long neurotoxins and membrane toxins.…”

Section: Elapid Venom Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Inferring Species Trees from Gene Trees: A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Elapidae (Serpentes) Based on the Amino Acid Sequences of Venom Proteins

Slowinski

Knight

Rooney

1997

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

124

103

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Toward the goal of recovering the phylogenetic relationships among elapid snakes, we separately found the shortest trees from the amino acid sequences for the venom proteins phospholipase A 2 and the short neurotoxin, collectively representing 32 species in 16 genera. We then applied a method we term gene tree parsimony for inferring species trees from gene trees that works by finding the species tree which minimizes the number of deep coalescences or gene duplications plus unsampled sequences necessary to fit each gene tree to the species tree. This procedure, which is both logical and generally applicable, avoids many of the problems of previous approaches for inferring species trees from gene trees. The results support a division of the elapids examined into sister groups of the Australian and marine (laticaudines and hydrophiines) species, and the African and Asian species. Within the former clade, the sea snakes are shown to be diphyletic, with the laticaudines and hydrophiines having separate origins. This finding is corroborated by previous studies, which provide support for the usefulness of gene tree parsimony.

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Section: Elapid Venom Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Short neurotoxins are 60-62 amino acid residues long and are part of a group of related elapid venom proteins that also includes long neurotoxins and membrane toxins (Karlsson, 1979). Pharmacologically, short neurotoxins bind to acetylcholine receptors, thereby preventing the depolarizing action of acetylcholine (Karlsson, 1979).…”

Section: Elapid Venom Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inferring Species Trees from Gene Trees: A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Elapidae (Serpentes) Based on the Amino Acid Sequences of Venom Proteins

Slowinski

Knight

Rooney

1997

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

124

103

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“…Also, 3-bungarotoxin has a basic isoelectric point (9. 1) (OTHMAN eral., 1982), while both crotoxin and taipoxin have an acidic isoelectric point (5.0) (KARLSSON, 1979). The difference in isoelectric points, however.…”

Section: Verapa MLmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of drugs on the lethality in mice of the venoms and neurotoxins from sundry snakes

Crosland

1991

Toxicon

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“…The snake venom neurotoxins are flat, hand-shaped molecules with three polypeptide loops projecting from a central core of four disulfide bridges near one end (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28).…”

Section: Background and Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…so-cal led toxic loop, protruding from the molecule. 'The cationlic guanidinium group of the invariant arginine-37 of the neurotoxin is considered to be the counterpart of the quaternary ammonium group of acetylcholine (20)(21)(22)(23). Most likely, an anionic site on the ACfiR lying beneatil argirine-37 of the toxins forms part of the acetylcholine-bonding site (28).…”

Section: Background and Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%