Chemobrain: mitoxantrone-induced oxidative stress, apoptotic and autophagic neuronal death in adult CD-1 mice

Effects of D‐CAG chemotherapy regimen on cognitive function in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia: A resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging study

“…The declined cognition was supposed to be resulted from the direct neurotoxic effect of chemotherapy drugs on the brain (Kaiser et al, 2014; Taillibert et al, 2007). The chemotherapy drugs can induce decreased neurogenesis and increased neuronal degeneration and neuronal apoptosis, which further cause the damage of normal neurons in the brain and aggravate the cognitive impairment of cancer survivors (Dias‐Carvalho et al, 2022; Rao et al, 2022; Sekeres et al, 2021). The underlying biological mechanism might be related to the increased oxidative stress activity/oxidative stress injury caused by accumulation of reactive oxygen species and neuroinflammation reactions (Cardoso et al, 2020; Lacourt & Heijnen, 2017; McElroy & Allen, 2020).…”

Doxorubicin-induced neurotoxicity differently affects the hippocampal formation subregions in adult mice

“…The supernatant was used for quantification of total glutathione (tGSH), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and ATP, whereas the pellet was used for protein level determination. For Western blot analysis, brain hemispheres were homogenized in radio immune precipitation assay buffer (RIPA) and centrifuged at 16,060 g for 15 min (4 °C), as previously described [ 27 ]. Additionally, the brain hemispheres of the remaining animals were fixated in 4 % paraformaldehyde for histological processing.…”

“…Following the paper by Dias-Carvalho, A. et al [ 27 ], volumes of brain homogenate hemisphere samples equivalent to 50 μg or 70 μg of protein were reduced by Laemmli [ 30 ] buffer [0.5 M Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 4 % (w/v) SDS, 15 % (v/v) glycerol, 0.04 % (w/v) bromophenol blue and 20 % (v/v) β-mercaptoethanol] in a ½ (v/v) ratio, and then incubated at 100 °C for 5 min. A 12.5 % or 15 % SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used to perform electrophoresis at 180 V in running buffer [25 mM Tris, 192 mM glycine and 0.1 % (w/v) SDS] [ 30 ].…”

Autoreactive lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis: Pathogenesis and treatment target

“…It was suggested that mitoxantrone could induce apoptosis in B cells, reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and suppress T cells (335,336).The mechanism of the therapeutic effect of teriflunomide could include the inhibition of the dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase enzyme required for de novo pyrimidine synthesis in lymphocytes (337). This reduced intracellular level of pyrimidine could have a cytostatic effect on B and T cells, consequently reducing their counts in circulation (337).…”