Purpose
To characterize a chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2) binding peptide adapted for use as a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer for non-invasive detection of lung inflammation in a mouse model of lung injury and in human tissues from subjects with lung disease.
Materials and Methods
The study had institutional Animal and Human Studies Committees approval and patient consent. A 7-amino acid CCR2 binding peptide (ECL1i) was conjugated to 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) and labeled with copper-64 (64Cu) or fluorescent dye. Lung inflammation was induced by intratracheal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in wild-type (n=19) and CCR2-deficient mice (n=4), and compared to wild-type mice given control saline (n=5) by PET imaging performed following intravenous injection of 64Cu-DOTA-ECL1i. Lung immune cells and those binding fluorescently labeled ECL1i in vivo were detected by flow cytometry. Lung inflammation in tissue from subjects with non-diseased lungs donated for lung transplantation (n=11) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who were undergoing lung transplant (N=16) was evaluated for CCR2 by immunostaining and autoradiography (n=6, COPD) with 64Cu-DOTA-ECL1i. Groups were compared using ANOVA, Mann Whitney U- or t-tests.
Results
PET images obtained in mouse lungs following injury with LPS, was significantly greater than the saline control group (mean %ID/g=4.43 vs. 0.99; P<0.001). PET signal was significantly diminished with blocking studies using non-radiolabeled ECL1i in excess (mean %ID/g=0.63; P<0.001) and in CCR2-deficient mice (mean %ID/g=0.39; P<0.001). The ECL1i signal was associated with an elevated level of mouse lung monocytes. COPD lung tissue displayed significantly elevated CCR2 levels compared to non-diseased tissue (median 12.8 vs. 1.2 percent cells/sample; P=0.002), which was detected by 64Cu-DOTA-ECL1i using autoradiography.
Conclusions
64Cu-DOTA-ECL1i performed as a promising tool for PET-based detection of CCR2-directed inflammation in an animal model and in human tissues as a step toward clinical translation.