Chemolithoautotrophic metabolism of anaerobic extremely thermophilic archaebacteria

Fischer, Faye S.; Zillig, Wolfram; Stetter, Karl O.; Schreiber, G

doi:10.1038/301511a0

Cited by 193 publications

(96 citation statements)

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“…The new isolates, including strain FUT, grew chemolithoautotrophically on hydrogen by reducing molecular sulfur to H,S. Growth depended obligately on the presence of both H, and So, indicating that the organisms were H,-So lithoautotrophs (14). Sulfur could not be replaced by sulfite, tetrathionate, L-( -)-cystine, or sulfate.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Stygiolobus azoricus gen. nov., sp. nov. Represents a Novel Genus of Anaerobic, Extremely Thermoacidophilic Archaebacteria of the Order Sulfolobales

Segerer

Trincone²,

Gahrtz

et al. 1991

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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120

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On the basis of three isolates (strains FC6T [T = type strain], FC4, and RG1) of extremely thermophilic chemolithoautotrophic archaebacteria obtained from solfataric fields on Sao Miguel Island, Azores, the new genus Stygiolobus is described. These isolates grow obligately chemolithotrophically by reduction of So with H, (H,-SO lithotrophy) and are the first strictly anaerobic members of the order Sulfolobales. With a DNA G+C content of 38 mol%, the Stygiolobus isolates resemble Sulfolobus spp., which, however, are faculatively organotrophic and aerobic So oxidizers. The new isolates are also distinct from Acidianus spp., which resemble Stygiolobus by growing by H,-SO lithotrophy. However, Acidianus spp. can also grow aerobically by So oxidation and have G+C contents of 31 mol%. At this time, only one species of the genus Stygiolobus is known, Stygiolobus uzoricus sp. nov.; the type strain of S. uzoricus is strain FC6 (= DSM 6296).The thermophilic sulfur-metabolizing archaea (archaebacteria) (66; for reviews, see references 56 and 62) that occur in acid solfataric fields comprise the following three groups: (i) the order Sulfolobales (29,59; for a review, see reference 51); (ii) the order Thermoproteales (24, 70; for a review, see reference 22); and (iii) the genus Thermoplasma (9, 46, 55; for reviews, see references 50 and 62), which because of its isolated phylogenetic position probably represents an order that is distantly related to the methanogens (65, 67). The following four genera have been validly assigned to the order Sulfolobales: (i) the genus Sulfolobus (7, 551, which is the type genus and currently includes the species Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (type species) (7,55), Sulfolobus solfataricus (23, 71), and Sulfolobus shibatae (16); (ii) the genus Metallosphaera, with one species, Metallosphaera sedula (18,29); (iii) the genus Acidianus (47), which includes the species Acidianus infernus (type species) and Acidianus brierleyi (5,47,71); and (iv) the genus Desulfurolobus, with the single species Desulfurolobus ambivalens (26,72). Suifolobus and Metallosphaera spp. are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, facultatively organotrophic chemolithoautotrophs that are capable of oxidizing molecular sulfur, sulfide, or tetrathionate to H, SO, (6, 8,18,54,68) and have relatively high DNA G + C contents (about 35 to 45 mol%).In contrast, Acidianus and Desulfurolobus spp. are facultatively anaerobic organisms that grow by either oxidation or reduction of elemental sulfur, forming H,SO, and H,S, respectively (52). Relatively low G+C contents (about 31 mol%) are also characteristic of these organisms. The features that distinguish the genera Acidianus and Desulfurolobus are not well defined. In fact, D . ambivalens closely resembles A. infernus in both phenotype and genotype (20,47,72). A level of DNA homology of about 60% with A . infernus (20; this paper) indicates (45) that D. ambivalens is another species of the genus Acidianus.As inferred from immunochemical features of their DNAdependent RNA polymerases, all of...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Stygiolobus azoricus gen. nov., sp. nov. Represents a Novel Genus of Anaerobic, Extremely Thermoacidophilic Archaebacteria of the Order Sulfolobales

Segerer

Trincone²,

Gahrtz

et al. 1991

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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120

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“…This organism, an extremely thermophilic anaerobic Archaebacterium [19], grows autotrophically at 85°C at the expense of sulfur reduction to hydrogen sulfide. The operation of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle and of the reductive acetylCoA/carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway in C 0 2 fixation has been excluded.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

¹³C‐NMR study of autotrophic CO₂ fixation pathways in the sulfur‐reducing Archaebacterium Thermoproteus neutrophilus and in the phototrophic Eubacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus

Strauß

Eisenreich

Bacher

et al. 1992

European Journal of Biochemistry

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The unresolvcd autotrophic COz fixation pathways in the sulfur-reducing Archaebacterium Thermoproteus neutrophilus and in the phototrophic Eubdcterium Chlorojlexus uurantiacus have been investigated. Autotrophically growing cultures were labelled with [1,succinate, and the 3C pattern in cell constituents was determined by 'H-and 13C-NMR spectroscopy of purified amino acids and other cell constituents.In both organisms succinate contributed to < l o % of cell carbon, the major part of carbon originated from C 0 2 . All cell constituents became 13C-labelled, but different patterns were observed in the two organisms. This proves that two different cyclic C 0 2 fixation pathways are operating in autotrophic carbon assimilation in both of which succinate is an intermediate.The '"C-labelling pattcrn in T. neutrophilus is consistent with the operation of a reductive citric acid cycle and rules out any other known autotrophic C 0 2 fixation pathway. Surprisingly, the proffercd [l ,4-'3Cl]succinate was partially converted to double-labelled [3,4-"C2]glutamate, but not to double-labelled aspartate. These findings suggest that the conversion of citrate to 2-oxoglutarate is readily reversible under thc growth conditions used, and a reversible citrate cleavage reaction is proposed.The '3C-labelling pattern in C. uuruntiacus disagrees with any of the established C 0 2 fixation pathways; it therefore demands a novel autotrophic COz fixation cycle in which 3-hydroxypropionate and succinate are likely intermediates. The bacterium excreted substantial amounts of 3-hydroxypropionate ( 5 mM) and succinate (0.5 mM) at the end of autotrophic growth. Autotrophically grown Chloroflexus cells contained acetyl-CoA carboxylase and propionyl-CoA carboxylase activity. These enzymes are proposed to be the main C02-fixing enzymes resulting in malonyl-CoA and methylmalonyl-CoA formation; from these carboxylation products 3-hydroxypropionate and succinate, respectively, can be formed.In bacteria three autotrophic C 0 2 fixation pathways are recognized : the reductive pentose phosphate cycle [l], the reductive citric acid cycle [2 -131, and the non-cyclic reductive acetyl-CoA/carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway [ 14 -161. The reductive pentose phosphate cycle (Calvin cycle) has been found only in aerobic Eubacteria (for a possible exception see [17]); ribulose-I ,5-bisphosphate carboxylase has not been detected in anaerobes. The two alternative pathways

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“…Under anaerobic conditions, this organism grows with elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, glutathione (oxidized form) or L-cystine as terminal electron acceptor (Sako et al, 2001). From the aspect of respiration, the genus Pyrobaculum is uniquely variable among the hyperthermophilic archaea, which may be closest to the common ancestor of all organisms; P. aerophilum is not only a microaerophile but also a nitrate, nitrite, thiosulfate, arsenate and selenite reducer (Völkl et al, 1993;Huber et al, 2000); Pyrobaculum islandicum reduces sulfur and iron(II) compounds (Huber et al, 1987;Kashefi & Lovely, 2000;Vargas et al, 1998); Pyrobaculum organotrophum reduces sulfur compounds (Huber et al, 1987); Thermoproteus neutrophilus, which is classified in the genus Thermoproteus although the phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA indicated that it should be reclassified as a Pyrobaculum species (Ito et al, 1998), is a sulfur reducer (Fischer et al, 1983); Pyrobaculum arsenaticum is arsenite reducer . This diversity of respiration in close relatives suggests that this genus may show a good example of the evolution of respiration and also show the nature of adaptation to the aerobic environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of the aerobic respiratory chain in the facultatively aerobic and hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum oguniense

et al. 2003

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Chemolithoautotrophic metabolism of anaerobic extremely thermophilic archaebacteria

Cited by 193 publications

References 10 publications

Stygiolobus azoricus gen. nov., sp. nov. Represents a Novel Genus of Anaerobic, Extremely Thermoacidophilic Archaebacteria of the Order Sulfolobales

Stygiolobus azoricus gen. nov., sp. nov. Represents a Novel Genus of Anaerobic, Extremely Thermoacidophilic Archaebacteria of the Order Sulfolobales

¹³C‐NMR study of autotrophic CO₂ fixation pathways in the sulfur‐reducing Archaebacterium Thermoproteus neutrophilus and in the phototrophic Eubacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus

Regulation of the aerobic respiratory chain in the facultatively aerobic and hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum oguniense

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Chemolithoautotrophic metabolism of anaerobic extremely thermophilic archaebacteria

Cited by 193 publications

References 10 publications

Stygiolobus azoricus gen. nov., sp. nov. Represents a Novel Genus of Anaerobic, Extremely Thermoacidophilic Archaebacteria of the Order Sulfolobales

Stygiolobus azoricus gen. nov., sp. nov. Represents a Novel Genus of Anaerobic, Extremely Thermoacidophilic Archaebacteria of the Order Sulfolobales

13C‐NMR study of autotrophic CO2 fixation pathways in the sulfur‐reducing Archaebacterium Thermoproteus neutrophilus and in the phototrophic Eubacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus

Regulation of the aerobic respiratory chain in the facultatively aerobic and hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum oguniense

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¹³C‐NMR study of autotrophic CO₂ fixation pathways in the sulfur‐reducing Archaebacterium Thermoproteus neutrophilus and in the phototrophic Eubacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus