Chemometric evaluation of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry) and Pb (graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry) concentrations in lipstick samples intended to be used by adults and children

Abstract

A method was developed for determining the concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in lipstick samples intended to be used by adults and children using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS) after treatment with dilute HNO3 and hot block. The combination of fractional factorial design and Desirability function was used to evaluate the ICP OES operational parameters and the regression models using Central Composite and Doehlert designs were calculated to stablish the best working condition for all analytes. Seventeen lipstick samples manufactured in different countries with different colors and brands were analyzed. Some samples contained high concentrations of toxic elements, such as Cr and Pb, which are carcinogenic and cause allergic and eczematous dermatitis. The maximum concentration detected was higher than the permissible safe limits for human use, and the samples containing these high metal concentrations were intended for use by children. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used as a chemometrics tool for exploratory analysis to observe the similarities between samples relative to the metal concentrations (a correlation between Cd and Pb was observed).

Fluorescence and Naked-Eye Detection of Pb²⁺in Drinking Water Using a Low-Cost Ionophore Based Sensing Scheme

“…The response at 0 -50 ppt was linear with a good correlation coefficient (R 2 respectively. Benzo-18-Crown-6-ether was used as ionophore for both ions.…”

“…Environmental lead contamination in water, food and consumer products are still alarming problems [1][2][3][4][5] [6] [7]. Therefore, new highly sensitive and selective lead measurements are necessary, in particular for convenient field measurements at a low-cost [1][2][3][4][5] [8]. Currently common and reliable detection methods for lead ions in drinking water and many other products mostly depend on laboratory analysis with instruments such as ICP-OES or ICP-MS or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, which are by no means simple, cheap or portable [2] [9].…”

Combination of Multi-Energy Calibration (MEC) and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for Dietary Supplements Analysis and Determination of Ca, Mg and K

“…1 In all cases reported in the literature, an intense sample preparation procedure is required. These procedures include wet digestion protocols that employ a simple sample dissolution (feasible in few cases), [3][4][5][6][7] digester block [8][9][10][11][12] or microwave oven assisted digestion. 3,5,[13][14][15] Results from samples with a complex matrix can be strongly affected if the differences between sample and standard matrices are neglected.…”

Fluorescence and Naked-Eye Detection of Pb²⁺in Drinking Water Using a Low-Cost Ionophore Based Sensing Scheme

“…Environmental lead contamination, content and control in water, food and consumer products are still alarming problems [1][2][3][4][5] [6] [7]. Therefore, new highly sensitive and selective lead measurements are necessary, in particular for convenient field measurements at a low-cost [1][2][3][4][5] [8].…”