Chemometric Evaluation of the Heavy Metals in Urban Soil of Fallujah City, Iraq

Salah, Emad A. Mohammad; Turki, Ahmed M.; Mahal, Shemma N.

doi:10.4236/jep.2015.611112

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Thus, Pb in non-polluted soils should mainly be affected by parent materials [71]. Based on correlation analysis results, significant positive correlations of Cr, Ni, and Pb with Al 2 O 3 and Fe 2 O 3 (Table 5) further indicate natural origins for Cr, Ni, and Pb in greenhouse soils since Al 2 O 3 and Fe 2 O 3 are main constituents of geogenic and pedogenic materials.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cd, Cu, and Zn Accumulations Caused by Long-Term Fertilization in Greenhouse Soils and Their Potential Risk Assessment

Liao

Chen

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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The intense management practices in greenhouse production may lead to heavy metal (HM) accumulations in soils. To determine the accumulation characteristics of HM and to evaluate possible HM sources in greenhouse soils, thirty typical greenhouse soil samples were collected in Shouguang District, Shandong Province, China. The results indicate that the Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations are, respectively, 164.8%, 78.6%, and 123.9% higher than their background values. In the study area, Cd exhibits certain characteristics, such as wide variations in the proportion of its exchangeable form and the highest mobility factor and geo-accumulation index, which are indicative of its high bioavailability and environmental risk. In addition, there is a significant positive correlation between pairs of Cd, P, soil organic carbon, and cultivation age. Combined with principal component analysis, the results indicate the clear effects that agricultural activities have on Cd, Cu, and Zn accumulation. However, Cr, Ni, and Pb have a significant correlation with soil Fe and Al (hydr)-oxides, which indicates that these metals mainly originate from parent materials. This research indicated that long-term intensive fertilization (especially the application of chemical fertilizers and livestock manure) leads to Cd, Cu, and Zn accumulation in greenhouse soils in Shouguang. And the time required to reach the maximum permeable limit in agricultural soils for Cd, Cu, and Zn is 23, 51, and 42 years, respectively, based on their current increasing rates.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cd, Cu, and Zn Accumulations Caused by Long-Term Fertilization in Greenhouse Soils and Their Potential Risk Assessment

Liao

Chen

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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“…The total Zn content in earth crust is 78 mg of Zn per kg of soil (Noulas et al, 2018). Salah et al (2015) reported that the concentration of Zn which is present in soluble form and available to plants is approximately 4 to 270 μg L-1 (ppb) in most of the soils. This concentration is too low when it is compared to the total Zn concentrations that range from 50 to 80 ppm.…”

Section: Distribution and Bioavailability Of Znmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zn as a Vital Micronutrient in Plants

Nandal

Solanki²

2021

J microb biotech food sci

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Macro and micronutrients are vital for the growth and productivity of the plants. Zinc (Zn) is considered to be one of the essential micronutrients for the growth and development of cereals as well as fodder crops. It is also a regulatory cofactor for all those enzymes which are required for the synthesis of chlorophyll, proteins and carbohydrates. The functioning of these enzymes is affected significantly due to Zn deficiency and there will be a retarded growth and productivity of plants. Deficiency of Zn is a universal problem among cereal crops. The concentration of Zn varies from 6-1.2 mg/kg in various soils, whereas its concentration reaches 20-300 ppm in plants. Zn deficiency leads to chlorosis in the leaves of plants. Various reasons affect the availability of Zn in the plants, which include soil type, pH of the soil and availability of other nutrients that work antagonistically for the absorption of Zn. Zn applied as the fertilizer gets converted into unavailable form by making insoluble complexes and thus not available for plants. Hence the best alternative to this issue is the use of Zn solubilising bacteria (ZSB). These ZSB will accumulate in the rhizosphere zone of the plants and will reduce the requirement of the applied Zn fertilizer. It will prevent Zn toxicity in the soil and will enhance the uptake of other macronutrients like phosphorus to the plants.

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“…Soil accumulation of heavy metals in urban areas is closely related to the emission of car exhaust fumes and abrasion of brake components (Doležalová Weissmannová et al, 2015). Analysis of correlation coefficients may contribute to the identification of relationships among the analysed heavy metals, as well as indicate their sources and common origins (Salah et al, 2015). The correlation coefficient at a level of > 0.7 indicates extremely strong relationships among the analysed pairs of data (Pam et al, 2011).…”

Section: Source: Authorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The close relationships could be successfully used for better understanding the genesis of heavy metals and the factors to their migration. The studies conducted by Salah et al (2015) suggest that Cu, Pb and Zn belong to the group of lithologically related heavy metals. Significant correlation among these heavy metals may indicate their natural origins associated with the chemistry of parent rocks.…”

Section: Source: Authorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accumulation and Mobile Forms of Some Heavy Metals in Roadside Urban Soils

Nikolov

Petrova

Velcheva

et al. 2020

PNS

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The accumulation of heavy metals and toxic elements in the topsoil horizon of urban areas is a big environmental problem as they could have long-term implications not only for the soils themselves but also on the human health and well-being. Many studies have shown that there is a clear relationship between the level of urbanization, volume of traffic, intensity of anthropogenic activities and heavy metal load. We aimed to analyze the accumulation of heavy metals at urban roadside soils and to assess the proportion of their mobile forms. The total content and mobile forms of Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn in soils samples collected along the main boulevards of Plovdiv (Bulgaria) was determined by two instrumental methods - ICP-OES and ICP-MS. The maximal concentrations were found in the Central and Eastern administrative regions of the city of Plovdiv. This finding well correlated with the wind rose characteristics and urban gradient theory. Our results revealed that the mobile forms of Mn represented 1.38-2.21% of total content and the mobile forms of Zn represented 8.48-11.81% of total content in studied urban soils. Mobile forms of Cu and Pb varied significantly and were in the range of 7.04-14.2% and 7.3-18.67% of the total content, respectively.

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Chemometric Evaluation of the Heavy Metals in Urban Soil of Fallujah City, Iraq

Cited by 23 publications

References 51 publications

Cd, Cu, and Zn Accumulations Caused by Long-Term Fertilization in Greenhouse Soils and Their Potential Risk Assessment

Cd, Cu, and Zn Accumulations Caused by Long-Term Fertilization in Greenhouse Soils and Their Potential Risk Assessment

Zn as a Vital Micronutrient in Plants

Accumulation and Mobile Forms of Some Heavy Metals in Roadside Urban Soils

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