“…A terminating rule is employed to identify the optimal number of components. But, unlike PCR, PLSR considers the response variable when creating the components to explain the observed variability in the predictor variables [86]. This will often lead to the development of models that are able to fit the response variable with a fewer number of components [43], [87].…”
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms are an increasing threat to coastal and inland waters. These blooms can be detected using optical radiometers due to the presence of phycocyanin (PC) pigments. The spectral resolution of bestavailable multispectral sensors limits their ability to diagnostically detect PC in the presence of other photosynthetic pigments. To assess the role of spectral resolution in the determination of PC, a large (N = 905) database of colocated in situ radiometric spectra and PC are employed. We first examine the performance of selected widely used machine-learning (ML) models against that of benchmark algorithms for hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance (R rs ) spectra resampled to the spectral configuration of the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) with a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of < 6 nm. Results show that the multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network applied to HICO spectral configurations (median errors < 65%)
“…A terminating rule is employed to identify the optimal number of components. But, unlike PCR, PLSR considers the response variable when creating the components to explain the observed variability in the predictor variables [86]. This will often lead to the development of models that are able to fit the response variable with a fewer number of components [43], [87].…”
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms are an increasing threat to coastal and inland waters. These blooms can be detected using optical radiometers due to the presence of phycocyanin (PC) pigments. The spectral resolution of bestavailable multispectral sensors limits their ability to diagnostically detect PC in the presence of other photosynthetic pigments. To assess the role of spectral resolution in the determination of PC, a large (N = 905) database of colocated in situ radiometric spectra and PC are employed. We first examine the performance of selected widely used machine-learning (ML) models against that of benchmark algorithms for hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance (R rs ) spectra resampled to the spectral configuration of the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) with a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of < 6 nm. Results show that the multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network applied to HICO spectral configurations (median errors < 65%)
“…For this purpose, inverse modeling requires that all the constituents present in the sample are also present in the set used to train the model. [35][36][37] Another requirement of MLR is that the number of variables must be smaller than the number of samples, with the variables preferably not being correlated.…”
A rapid and simple method for dating pen ink was developed, employing FTIR-ATR, DESI-MS, and data fusion modeling, which resulted in a predictive model with an error margin of ±5 years for pen inks of documents dating from 1960 to 2022.
“…Several methods derived from LSM include Partial-least Squares (PLS) and Regularized-least Squares (RLS) with each having varying performance results based on the given scenario. PLS run time is slower than other methods and is only efficient when variable number are more than compound numbers in the data set [47] and RLS is more efficient only when the coefficients are penalized or else it has more run time for same efficiency [48]. This example highlights the importance of the given scenarios and parameters on the performance of the employed algorithm.…”
This paper starts by presenting the concept of a mobile application. A literature review is conducted, which shows that there is still a certain lack with regard to smartphone applications in the domain of engineering as independent simulation applications and not only as extensions of smartphone tools. The challenges behind this lack are then discussed. Subsequently, three case studies of engineering applications for both smartphones and the internet are presented, alongside their solutions to the challenges presented. The first case study concerns an engineering application for systems control. The second case study focuses on an engineering application for composite materials. The third case study focuses on the finite element method and structure generation. The solutions to the presented challenges are then described through their implementation in the applications. The three case studies show a new system of thought concerning the development of engineering smartphone applications.
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