Chemometrics-assisted spectroscopic methods for rapid analysis of combined anti-malarial tablets

Abstract

Combination of piperaquine (PQ) (320mg) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA) (40 mg) is an anti-malarial formulation, which is recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). Simultaneous analysis of PQ and DHA can be problematic due to the lack of chromophores or fluorophores in DHA molecule. Whereas PQ possesses strong UV absorption and it presents in 8 times of DHA contents in the formulation. In this study, two spectroscopic methods, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, were developed for the determination of both drugs in combined tablets. The FTIR and Raman spectra were recorded in the attenuate total reflectance (ATR) and scattering modes, respectively. The original and pretreated spectra from FTIR and handheld-Raman were subjected to Unscrambler® program to construct partial least squares regression (PLSR) model comparing with references values obtained from high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV method. The optimal PLSR models of PQ and DHA from FTIR spectroscopy were obtained from orthogonal signal correction (OSC) pretreatment at the wavenumbers 400—1,800 cm −1 and 1,400—4,000 cm −1 , respectively. For Raman spectroscopy of PQ and DHA, the optimal PLSR models were obtained from standard normal variate (SNV) pretreatment at the wavenumbers 1,200—2,300 cm −1 and OSC pretreatment at the wavenumber 400—2,300 cm −1 , respectively. Determination of PQ and DHA in tablets from the optimum model was compared with HPLC-UV method. Results were not significantly different at 95% confidence limit ( p -value >0.05). The chemometrics-assisted spectroscopic methods were fast (1–3 min), economical and less labor intensive. Moreover, the handheld Raman spectrometer is portable and can be utilized for onsite analysis to facilitate the detection of counterfeit or substandard drugs at ports of entry.

Four chemometric models enhanced by Latin hypercube sampling design for quantification of anti-COVID drugs: sustainability profiling through multiple greenness, carbon footprint, blueness, and whiteness metrics

“…However, direct pharmaceutical quantification often fails due to substantial spectral overlaps obscuring individual component signals like active pharmaceutical ingredients. This motivated the integration of UV–vis with chemometrics, establishing a synergistic combination extracting meaningful chemical information from complex backgrounds, quintessential in analytical chemistry [ 12 ]. Thereby transforming UV spectrophotometry into a value-added green analytical tool suitable for economical, routine pharmaceutical quality control, as evidenced in recent literature [ 13 – 15 ].…”