Chemoreception.

Mathis, Alicia; Crane, Adam L.

doi:10.1037/0000012-004

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…For instance, visual cues are useful for locating predators, but may be unreliable if predators disguise their intentions by adjusting their posture or activity patterns (Munoz & Blumstein, 2012; Stephenson, 2016; Murphy & Pitcher, 1997). By contrast, predator kairomones are difficult to manipulate and are thus valuable in providing reliable information about a predator's hunger state and recent diet, but they are also spatially and temporally unreliable when being moved by currents or if they persist long after a predator is gone (Mathis & Crane, 2017). Chemical cues indicating risk should thus become less reliable as they age.…”

Section: Informational Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainty about predation risk: a conceptual review

Crane,

Feyten,

Preagola

et al. 2023

Biological Reviews

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Uncertainty has long been of interest to economists and psychologists and has more recently gained attention among ecologists. In the ecological world, animals must regularly make decisions related to finding resources and avoiding threats. Here, we describe uncertainty as a perceptual phenomenon of decision‐makers, and we focus specifically on the functional ecology of such uncertainty regarding predation risk. Like all uncertainty, uncertainty about predation risk reflects informational limitations. When cues are available, they may be novel (i.e. unknown information), incomplete, unreliable, overly abundant and complex, or conflicting. We review recent studies that have used these informational limitations to induce uncertainty of predation risk. These studies have typically used either over‐responses to novelty (i.e. neophobia) or memory attenuation as proxies for measuring uncertainty. Because changes in the environment, particularly unpredictable changes, drive informational limitations, we describe studies assessing unpredictable variance in spatio‐temporal predation risk, intensity of predation risk, predator encounter rate, and predator diversity. We also highlight anthropogenic changes within habitats that are likely to have dramatic impacts on information availability and thus uncertainty in antipredator decisions in the modern world.

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Section: Informational Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainty about predation risk: a conceptual review

Crane,

Feyten,

Preagola

et al. 2023

Biological Reviews

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“…Chemosensory cues provide a rich source of public information about the environment [ 7 ]. Biotic sources of chemical cues include heterospecifics (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainty about old information results in differential predator memory in tadpoles

Crane,

Achtymichuk,

Rivera-Hernández

et al. 2023

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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As information ages, it may become less accurate, resulting in increased uncertainty for decision makers. For example, chemical alarm cues (AC) are a source of public information about a nearby predator attack, and these cues can become spatially inaccurate through time. These cues can also degrade quickly under natural conditions, and cue receivers are sensitive to such degradation. Although numerous studies have documented predator-recognition learning from fresh AC, no studies have explored learning from aged AC and whether the uncertainty associated with this older information contributes to shortening the retention of learned responses (i.e. the ‘memory window’). Here, we found that wood frog tadpoles, Lithobates sylvaticus , learned to recognize a novel odour as a predator when paired with AC aged under natural conditions for up to 1 h. However, only tadpoles conditioned with fresh AC were found to retain this learned response when tested 9 days after conditioning. These results support the hypothesis that the memory window is shortened by the uncertainty associated with older information, preventing the long-term costs of a learned association that was based on potentially outdated information.

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“…Early detection of the predator is a major advantage for prey because they can implement defences such as early flight, use of refugia, and crypsis, which increase their chances of survival (Endler, 1986; Lima & Dill, 1990). Prey use various sensory systems to detect cues from predators, including chemoreception of semiochemicals that are produced by an “emitter” individual and cause a phenotypic change in a “receiver” individual (Mathis & Crane, 2017; Stevens, 2013). Such semiochemicals can serve as public information available to prey, both before and after a predation event (e.g., predator kairomones and alarm cues, respectively) (Wisenden, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for the Predator Attraction Hypothesis in an amphibian predator–prey system

Crane

Bryshun

McCormack

et al. 2022

J of Evolutionary Biology

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Many species possess damage‐released chemical alarm cues that function in alerting nearby individuals to a predator attack. One hypothesis for the evolution and/or maintenance of such cues is the Predator Attraction Hypothesis, where predators, rather than prey, are the “intended” recipients of these cues. If a predator attack attracts additional predators, these secondary predators might interfere with the predation event, providing the prey with a better chance to escape. In this study, we conducted two experiments to explore this hypothesis in an amphibian predator/prey system. In Experiment 1, we found that tiger salamanders (Ambystoma mavortium) showed a foraging attraction to chemical cues from wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) tadpoles. Salamanders that were experienced with tadpole prey, in particular, were strongly attracted to tadpole alarm cues. In Experiment 2, we observed experimental encounters between a tadpole and either one or two salamanders. The presence of the second predator caused salamanders to increase attack speed at the cost of decreased attack accuracy (i.e., increasing the probability that the tadpole would escape attacks). We also found that the mere presence of visual and chemical cues from a second predator did not affect this speed/accuracy trade‐off but did cause enough of a distraction to increase tadpole survival. Thus, our findings are consistent with the Predator Attraction Hypothesis for the evolution and/or maintenance of alarm cues.

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Chemoreception.

Cited by 8 publications

References 112 publications

Uncertainty about predation risk: a conceptual review

Uncertainty about predation risk: a conceptual review

Uncertainty about old information results in differential predator memory in tadpoles

Evidence for the Predator Attraction Hypothesis in an amphibian predator–prey system

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