“…Nevertheless, conventional dosage forms lack selective targeting and deep penetration, resulting in severe systemic toxicity and an inefficient lethal threshold. Therefore, nanoparticles are the most explored vehicles to combat MDR 6 , 13 - 15 , including liposomes 16 , 17 , micelles 18 , 19 , gold nanoparticles 20 , 21 , magnetic nanoparticles 22 , 23 , carbon nanotubes 24 , 25 , dendrimers 26 , mesoporous silica nanoparticles 27 , 28 etc. These nanoparticles can deliver agents either chemically grafted or physically encapsulated specifically to cancer cells 29 , taking advantage of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect in the tumor and ligand-receptor-mediated active targeting.…”