Chemosensory conditioning of Hermissenda crassicornis..

Farley, Joseph; Grover, Lawrence M.; Sun, Lingyi; Huang, Sandra S.; Eisthen, Heather L.; Girolami, Carla; Wu, Roger

doi:10.1037/0735-7044.104.4.583

Cited by 12 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…When directly confronted with an aversive stimulus during testing, an animal may choose an aggressive response (i.e., bite-strike) as the most appropriate. However, this hypothesis does not account for the discrepancy between the present finding and those of Farley et al (1990) given the similarities in testing procedures. Although a single factor does not appear to account for this discrepancy, several methodological differences between this work and that of Farley et aI.-most notably, the use of contextual versus discrete cues-may have contributed to the difference (see General Discussion).…”

Section: Facilitation Of the Preparatory Clinging Response By A Reinfcontrasting

confidence: 50%

“…The potential for distinct food preferences is supported by investigations of the chemosensory abilities of a broad range of intertidal gas-tropods (Audesirk & Audesirk, 1985;Kohn, 1961). For instance, Farley et al (1990) found that Hermissenda displayed different baseline response patterns to chemosensory stimuli (shellfish), thus suggesting a between-stimuli difference in salience. Similar differences between conditioning stimuli have been documented inPleurobranchea using chemosensory aversion learning (Davis et aI., 1980).…”

Section: Bite-strike Latencies At the 24-h Retention Intervalmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…While these results demonstrate contextual conditioning, the direction (i.e., decreases in latencies) of the bitetest result is inconsistent with previous work using discrete CS-US conditioning. Specifically, Farley et al (1990) found that animals receiving paired presentations of discrete chemosensory and vestibular stimuli displayed significantly slower latencies for bite strikes than did their unpaired controls. Farley et als findings, as well as several similar patterns ofresults (Davis et aI., 1980;Mpitsos et aI., 1978;Sahley et aI., 1981), have been interpreted as resulting from a conditioned aversion to the chemosensory cue.…”

Section: Facilitation Of the Preparatory Clinging Response By A Reinfmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemosensory-based contextual conditioning inHermissenda crassicornis

Rogers

Schiller

Matzel

1996

Animal Learning & Behavior

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In two experiments, the marine mollusk Hermissenda crassicornis was exposed to context discrimination training. In one context, defined by the presence of a diffuse chemosensory stimulus (shellfish extract A), brief, unsignaled, unconditioned stimuli (USs; high-speed rotation) were presented; in a second context, defined by the presence of shellfish extract B, no USs were presented. Animals were then tested (at both 1.5 and 24 h) by exposing them to small pieces of the shellfish meat used to define the two contexts. The latency to strike at the meat served as an index of the context-US association. In Experiment 1, the latency to strike at the cue associated with rotation was reduced relative to both preconditioning strike latencies and the associatively neutral cue. However, in a two-choice test where the animals could approach the conditioned or neutral stimulus, the animals regularly avoided the stimulus paired with rotation. Moreover, if, following conditioning, the animals were presented with an unsignaled rotation in the conditioned context or the neutral context, the animals exhibited more effective defensive clinging (an unconditioned reflex normally elicited by rotation) in the conditioned context, suggesting that it "prepared" the animal for the aversive US. In total, these results demonstrate that Hermissenda is capable of making associations to diffuse background (contextual) stimuli. Moreover, the results suggest that pairing the chemosensory cue with an aversive USelicits a strike response in Hermissenda when the animal is placed in forced contact with the cue and an active avoidance response when the animal can choose between that cue and a neutral cue.

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Section: Facilitation Of the Preparatory Clinging Response By A Reinfcontrasting

confidence: 50%

Section: Bite-strike Latencies At the 24-h Retention Intervalmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Facilitation Of the Preparatory Clinging Response By A Reinfmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemosensory-based contextual conditioning inHermissenda crassicornis

Rogers

Schiller

Matzel

1996

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…The lack of stimulus specificity during chemosensory conditioning with molluscs is not inevitable, since considerable specificity has been observed in several reports (Colwill, Absher, & Roberts, 1988;Farley et al, 1990;Susswein, Schwarz, & Feldman, 1986). However, a key question is whether stimulus specificity is necessarily indicative of associative learning.…”

Section: The Combined Effects Of Differential Habituation Sensitizatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemosensory conditioning in molluscs: II. A critical review

Farley

Jin

Huang

et al. 2004

Learning & Behavior

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We critically review chemosensory conditioning studies with molluscs and find that, in many studies, the influence of nonassociative processes complicates, obscures, and renders ambiguous the unique contribution of associative learning. These nonassociative processes include sensory adaptation, habituation, sensitization, and changes in feeding motivation. They arise from both the food extracts that have often been used as conditioned stimuli and the aversive stimuli that have been used as unconditioned stimuli.

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“…It is especially impressive that responding was greater to the CS+ than to the CS -in each of the experiments reported here independently of the specific stimulus identities. Research with other invertebrates has not always found conditioning effects to be orthogonal to the particular stimulus assignments (Farley et al, 1990;Mpitsos & Cohan, 1986). Third, Experiment 3 further establishes that nonreinforced presentations of a previously reinforced stimulus is an effective extinction procedure (Carew et aI., 1981;Colwill et aI., 1988).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pavlovian appetitive discriminative conditioning inAplysia californica

Colwill

Goodrum

Martin

1997

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Three experiments demonstrated Pavlovian appetitive discrimination learning in the marine mollusc, Aplysia californica. In each experiment, subjects were exposed to two conditioned stimuli; one stimulus (CS+) was paired with food presentations and the other stimulus (CS-) was never followed by food. In Experiments 1 and 3 different chemosensory stimuli were used, and in Experiment 2 different tactile stimuli were used. For both types of conditioned stimuli, bite responses occurred significantly more often to the CS+ than to the CS-. Experiment 2 also showed that Aplysia could learn a reversal of this discrimination. Experiment 3 showed that nonreinforced presentations of CS+ resulted in a decline in the frequency of conditioned biting. The implications of these results for neurobiological analyses of learning are discussed.In a typical Pavlovian discriminative conditioning procedure, subjects are exposed to two conditioned stimuli (CSs) that differ in their temporal relation to an unconditioned stimulus (US). One of these stimuli (CS+) immediately precedes presentations of the US; the other stimulus (CS-) is never paired with that US. Differential responding to the CS+ and CS-is found to emerge over the course of discrimination training in various vertebrate (e.g., Hammond, 1967;Hoffman & Fitzgerald, 1982;Moore, 1972;Pavlov, 1927;Rescorla, 1980;Schneiderman, 1972) and invertebrate subjects (e.g., Bitterman, Menzel, Fietz, & Schafer, 1983;Block & McConnell, 1967;Fukushi, 1979;Nelson, 1971;Ricker, Brzorad, & Hirsch, 1986).Of particular interest are reports of Pavlovian discriminative conditioning in those invertebrates especially suited to a neurophysiological analysis of plasticity. Behavioral sensitivity to the differential treatments ofa CS+ and CS -has been found in several experiments using aversive USs with the marine mollusc Aplysia califomica , the leech Haemopis marmorata (Karrer & Sahley, 1988), and the terrestrial mollusc Limax maximus (Sahley, Gelperin, & Rudy, 1981). For example, in the leech, Karrer and Sahley (1988) paired one food (e.g., raw chicken) but not This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BNS-8922551 to R.M.C. and by funds from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. K.G. and A.M. were supported by research fellowships awarded by Brown University's Early Identification Program. We thank Robin Absher and Emily Whitcomb for assistance with data collection. Experiment 1 was presented at the 65th Annual Meeting ofthe Eastern Psychological Association in Providence and at the Second Annual Summer Research Symposium at Brown University in August 1993. A brief description of Experiment 1 also appears in Colwill (1996). Reprint requests should be addressed to R. M. Colwill, Department of Psychology, Brown University, Box 1853, Providence, RI 02912 (e-mail: ruth_colwill@brown.edu).another food (e.g., raw liver) with a quinidine sulfate solution. On test trials, subjects were given a choice between raw beefand either the CS+ or the CS-foods. The preference for the CS+ relative ...

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Chemosensory conditioning of Hermissenda crassicornis..

Cited by 12 publications

References 31 publications

Chemosensory-based contextual conditioning inHermissenda crassicornis

Chemosensory-based contextual conditioning inHermissenda crassicornis

Chemosensory conditioning in molluscs: II. A critical review

Pavlovian appetitive discriminative conditioning inAplysia californica

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