Chemotaxonomy of Cannabis I. Crossbreeding between Cannabis sativa and C. ruderalis, with analysis of cannabinoid content

Beutler, John A.; Marderosian, Ara H. Der

doi:10.1007/bf02907934

Cited by 28 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Small (1979b) found that numerous first generation hybrids were indeed more or less intermediate in THC proportion. Beutler and Der Marderosian (1978) crossed a ruderal low-THC form and a narcotic race with higher THC, and also found that the first generation hybrids were more or less intermediate, although many tended to have lower THC proportions. As expected for an outcrossing species, F 1 hybrids frequently show evidence of heterosis for various characteristics.…”

Section: Biosynthesis and Genetics Of The Cannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Evolution and Classification of Cannabis sativa (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization

2015

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Cannabis sativa has been employed for thousands of years, primarily as a source of a stem fiber (both the plant and the fiber termed "hemp") and a resinous intoxicant (the plant and its drug preparations commonly termed "marijuana"). Studies of relationships among various groups of domesticated forms of the species and wildgrowing plants have led to conflicting evolutionary interpretations and different classifications, including splitting C. sativa into several alleged species. This review examines the evolving ways Cannabis has been used from ancient times to the present, and how human selection has altered the morphology, chemistry, distribution and ecology of domesticated forms by comparison with related wild plants. Special attention is given to classification, since this has been extremely contentious, and is a key to understanding, exploiting and controlling the plant. Differences that have been used to recognize cultivated groups within Cannabis are the results of disruptive selection for characteristics selected by humans. Wild-growing plants, insofar as has been determined, are either escapes from domesticated forms or the results of thousands of years of widespread genetic exchange with domesticated plants, making it impossible to determine if unaltered primeval or ancestral populations still exist. The conflicting approaches to classifying and naming plants with such interacting domesticated and wild forms are examined. It is recommended that Cannabis sativa be recognized as a single species, within which there is a narcotic subspecies with both domesticated and ruderal varieties, and similarly a non-narcotic subspecies with both domesticated and ruderal varieties. An alternative approach consistent with the international code of nomenclature for cultivated plants is proposed, recognizing six groups: two composed of essentially non-narcotic fiber and oilseed cultivars as well as an additional group composed of their hybrids; and two composed of narcotic strains as well as an additional group composed of their hybrids.

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Section: Biosynthesis and Genetics Of The Cannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Evolution and Classification of Cannabis sativa (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization

2015

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“…Small and Beckstead had first differentiated between a chemotype with THC4 0.3%/CBD o0.5%, an intermediate type with dominant CBD but THC also present, and a particularly THC-low type [14]. The still common classification drug type (THC 42%, CBD 0%), fiber type (THC o 0.3%, CBD 4 0.5%, THC/CBD ratioo0.1) and an intermediate type (THC 4 0.5%, CBD 40.5%, THC/CBD ratio 4 0.5) reflects the importance distinguishing between Cannabis flos for recreational use (often425% THC) and low-THC industrial hemp without considering other possible inherited biosynthesis pattern in plant populations [16,[36][37][38]. CBD forming an essential part of those classifications was supposed to be partially overestimated due to non-selective methods, which became more relevant with medicinal applications using plants optimized on CBD [3,13,39].…”

Section: Chemotype Distinctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

1 H NMR and HPLC/DAD for Cannabis sativa L. chemotype distinction, extract profiling and specification

Peschel

Politi

2015

Talanta

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“…Baker et al (1983) reported on the minor presence of CBC in CBD-predominant plants from Sri Lanka and India. Beutler and Der Marderosian (1978) analysed samples from Mexican and Siberian plants and their cross progeny. They found a constant presence of CBC in all plants, occupying a 3-9% proportion of the total cannabinoid fraction.…”

Section: The Occurrence Of Cannabichromene In Cannabis Chemotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The inheritance of chemical phenotype in Cannabis sativa L. (III): variation in cannabichromene proportion

2008

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The mechanism that controls the proportion of cannabichromene (CBC), a potential pharmaceutical, in the cannabinoid fraction of Cannabis sativa L. is explored. As with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), CBC is an enzymatic conversion product of the precursor cannabigerol (CBG). CBC is reported to dominate the cannabinoid fraction of juveniles and to decline with maturation. This ontogeny was conWrmed in inbred lines with diVerent mature chemotypes. A consistent CBC presence was found in early leaves from a diverse clone collection, suggesting that CBC synthase is encoded by a Wxed locus. Morphological variants possessing a 'prolonged juvenile chemotype' (PJC), a substantial proportion of CBC persisting up to maturity, are presented. PJC is associated with a reduced presence of Xoral bracts, bracteoles, and capitate-stalked trichomes. Genetic factors causing these features were independent of the allelic chemotype locus B that was previously postulated and regulates THC and CBD synthesis and CBG accumulation. In contrast to previously described Cannabis chemotypes, the cannabinoid composition of PJCs showed plasticity in that reduced light levels increased the CBC proportion. The ability of PJC plants to enable the production of pharmaceutical raw material with high CBC purity is demonstrated.

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Chemotaxonomy of Cannabis I. Crossbreeding between Cannabis sativa and C. ruderalis, with analysis of cannabinoid content

Cited by 28 publications

References 13 publications

Evolution and Classification of Cannabis sativa (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization

Evolution and Classification of Cannabis sativa (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization

1 H NMR and HPLC/DAD for Cannabis sativa L. chemotype distinction, extract profiling and specification

The inheritance of chemical phenotype in Cannabis sativa L. (III): variation in cannabichromene proportion

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