Chemotherapy-Induced Extravasation Injury: Classification and Management

Abstract

Chemotherapy is a category of medicines that are utilized to kill and eradicate immediately the abnormally growing cells in the body. It is commonly utilized to treat cancer because cancer cells grow and divide at a faster rate than other cells. Extravasation is the mechanism by which any liquid (fluid or drug) accidentally enters the surrounding tissue. Extravasation in cancer treatment indicates the unintentional chemotherapy infiltration into the subdermal tissues or subcutaneous enclosing the intravenous or intra-arterial location of administration. Extravasated agents are categorized as vesicants, exfoliants, irritants, inflammators, and neutrals. Based on their potential for causing harm, management of chemotherapy-related extravasation includes both non-pharmacological treatment and pharmacological treatment.

Effects of Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 Supplementation on the Efficacy and Toxicity of Pemetrexed in the Management of Advanced Stage Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

“…In contrast, the use of preventative corticosteroids has substantially reduced the intensity and frequency of this adverse effect [29]. In terms of extravasation events, Pemetrexed was classed as nonvesicant [37]. This article examines the reasons why malignant cases supplemented with folic acid and vitamin B12 respond better to treatment and have a greater overall survival rate than patients who are not supplemented.…”

The Prevalence and Associated Factors of Peripheral Intravenous Complications in a Thai Hospital

“…Depending on the agent, coexisting medications such as anticoagulants, analgesics, antifibrinolytics, vasodilators, hormone therapy, diuretics, steroids, antihistamines, and intravenous antibiotics may increase blood circulation, decrease inflammatory response, and decrease pain sensation, among others. 16 Other risk factors associated with PIVC complications found on the prevalence surveys on PIVC complications performed in 2020 at Chiang Mai University Hospital depended on the agent, such as blood, blood component, colloid, crystalloids, and whether a sterile transparent dressing was used. 20 Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital is a 1400-bed university hospital located in the north of Thailand.…”

“…Of all the irritant and vesicant substances that may extravasate, cytotoxic and contrast agents are already subject to a relatively well-defined management strategy in health care institutions 15. The incidence of extravasation varies between 0.01% and 7.00%, depending on the study 16. The severity of extravasation was labeled with the extravasation scale, from grade mild to moderate to severe extravasation 17.…”

“…Patients with comorbid conditions that can result in diminished feeling or poor circulation, such as peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, or obesity, may also experience diminished sensation or poor circulation. Depending on the agent, coexisting medications such as anticoagulants, analgesics, antifibrinolytics, vasodilators, hormone therapy, diuretics, steroids, antihistamines, and intravenous antibiotics may increase blood circulation, decrease inflammatory response, and decrease pain sensation, among others 16. Other risk factors associated with PIVC complications found on the prevalence surveys on PIVC complications performed in 2020 at Chiang Mai University Hospital depended on the agent, such as blood, blood component, colloid, crystalloids, and whether a sterile transparent dressing was used 20…”

Role of Probiotics in the Prevention and Treatment of GIT Cancers: Updated Review

“…Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the globe [1]. Despite recent attention paid to tumor treatment strategies, the number of people diagnosed with neoplastic syndromes continues to increase.…”