“…5) With respect to the role of Ca 2ϩ in inhibition of cellular proliferation, it has been reported that Ca 2ϩ imported into the cytoplasm of mammalian cells could lead to a programmed cell death "apoptosis" through several signalling pathways. 6,7) However, the mechanistic details of tumor-specific growth inhibition effects of Ca On the other hand, we have investigated the membrane targeted chemotherapy with hybrid liposomes 8,9) composed of phospholipids and nonionic surfactants for tumor cells in vitro, [10][11][12][13][14][15] in vivo, 15,16) and in clinical applications. 16,17) Significantly, the denaturation of cell membranes by hybrid liposomes could lead to apoptosis in tumor cells without any drugs.…”