Chewing and spitting out food — a neglected symptom?

Abstract

Patient A is a 27-year-old woman. She described herself as having been a fat child and she started dieting at the age of 16, reducing her weight from around 70 kg (Quetelet's

Chew and Spit (CHSP): a systematic review

“…In total, the case studies report on four females aged between 19 and 28. Similar themes between the reports highlight that CHSP was used as a weight-control method and was often associated with negative emotions such as self-disgust, remorse, and shame, but may have been be less distressing than binging and purging [33, 37, 39]. Additionally, because of CHSP, individuals appeared to have concerns over social, financial, and familial issues [33, 37, 39].…”

“…Results of ED patients who CHSP were compared to those who do not CHSP. Questionnaires addressed demographics, ED symptoms and frequenciesResearcher developed questionnaire, EDI-2 and BDI.Patients with consecutive admissions to a behavioural, inpatient, and partial hospitalization program for EDsIP and POPDe Zwaan [37]To present a novel case report on one patient19-year-old female with a history of EDs (AN, 43 kg/15.6 kg/m2).Case Study, 1 PatientA case reportPsychotherapy treatment settingOPMcCutcheon & Nolan [39]To present a novel case report on two patientsPatient 1: 27 year old femalePatient 2: 19 year old female college studentCase Report, 2 PatientsA case report of two subjectsPsychotherapy treatment settingNot SpecifiedMakhzoumi, Guarda, Schreyer, Reinblatt, Redgrave, and Coughlin [36]To characterize CHSP in a large sample of ED inpatients treated in a hospital-based behavioural speciality program. To investigate associations between regular CHSP and personality dimensions, ED and depression symptomology, and short-term clinical outcome variables.…”

“…The nine studies included indicate that CHSP has been investigated in predominantly ED samples [1, 32–39]. The results below indicate a number of similarities between individuals with an ED who engage in CHSP.…”

“…Of the included studies, three were case reports (De Zwaan [37], McCutcheon and Nolan [39], and Smith and Ross [33]) outlining participants’ histories, both in the context of CHSP and wider ED behaviour. In total, the case studies report on four females aged between 19 and 28.…”

“…This systematic review identified nine studies that met the eligibility criteria [1, 32–39]. Grey literature, clinical but non-academic sources, and other sources that did not meet the eligibility criteria were surveyed to generate plausible hypotheses and mechanisms for describing pathways and outcomes of CHSP.…”