Chewing gum, acetaminophen, and green tea effect in reducing pain after orthodontic appliance placement

Elvina, Elvina; Kusnoto, Joko; Halim, Himawan; Roeslan, Boedi Oetomo

doi:10.26912/sdj.v2i2.2530

Cited by 6 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…After reading the titles and abstracts, 27 articles were evaluated by full text and 18 were excluded (Supplemental Appendix A). Nine RCTs (Al Shayea, 2020; Alshammari and Huggare, 2019; Azeem et al, 2018; da Silva Santos and Capelli, 2021; Delavarian et al, 2020; Elvina et al, 2018; Farzanegan et al, 2012; Hamid et al, 2016; Ireland et al, 2016) were included in the present systematic review and processed for data extraction; and five RCTs (Al Shayea, 2020; Azeem et al, 2018; Delavarian et al, 2020; Farzanegan et al, 2012; Hamid et al, 2016) were included in the meta-analysis (Figure 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All RCTs (Al Shayea, 2020; Alshammari and Huggare, 2019; Azeem et al, 2018; da Silva Santos and Capelli, 2021; Delavarian et al, 2020; Elvina et al, 2018; Farzanegan et al, 2012; Hamid et al, 2016; Ireland et al, 2016) had a parallel group design and included an experimental group (chewing sugar-free gum) and a control group (ibuprofen or acetaminophen [paracetamol]). The number of participants in the included RCTs was in the range of 40–1000, and the mean age was between 14.03 ± 1.17 and 22.42 ± 13 years.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of participants in the included RCTs was in the range of 40–1000, and the mean age was between 14.03 ± 1.17 and 22.42 ± 13 years. In six RCTs (Alshammari and Huggare, 2019; Azeem et al, 2018; da Silva Santos and Capelli, 2021; Delavarian et al, 2020; Hamid et al, 2016; Ireland et al, 2016), it was reported that both male and female participants were included; two RCTs (Al Shayea, 2020; Farzanegan et al, 2012) included only female patients, and Elvina et al (2018) did not report the gender of the participants. Five RCTs (Al Shayea, 2020; da Silva Santos and Capelli, 2021; Delavarian et al, 2020; Farzanegan et al, 2012; Hamid et al, 2016) reported that participants had mild to severe dental crowding malocclusion, and four RCTs (Alshammari and Huggare, 2019; Azeem et al, 2018; Elvina et al, 2018; Ireland et al, 2016) did not report the type of malocclusion.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is another CAD used to control pain; it has analgesic and antipyretic capabilities. Moreover, acetaminophen paracetamol works by repressing the synthesis of prostaglandins in the central nervous system (Elvina et al, 2018; Kehoe et al, 1996). However, unlike NSAIDs, acetaminophen paracetamol is inactive as an anti-inflammatory agent in peripheral tissues and does not prevent the synthesis of prostaglandins and tooth movement (Elvina et al, 2018; Salmassian et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, acetaminophen paracetamol works by repressing the synthesis of prostaglandins in the central nervous system (Elvina et al, 2018; Kehoe et al, 1996). However, unlike NSAIDs, acetaminophen paracetamol is inactive as an anti-inflammatory agent in peripheral tissues and does not prevent the synthesis of prostaglandins and tooth movement (Elvina et al, 2018; Salmassian et al, 2009). In addition, acetaminophen (paracetamol) has been considered safe in appropriate and controlled dosages (Forrest et al, 1982; Jóźwiak-Bebenista and Nowak, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sugar-free chewing gum versus conventional analgesic drugs for pain relief with fixed orthodontic appliances. A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2022

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Objective: To compare the effect of chewing sugar-free gum towards alleviating self-reported orthodontic treatment (OT) pain compared with conventional analgesic drugs (CADs). Search sources: An unrestricted search of indexed databases and manual searching was performed up to September 2021. Data selection: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the impact of chewing gum and CADs on relieving self-reported orthodontic pain were included. Data extraction: Data screening, extraction and risk of bias (RoB) assessment were performed by two authors. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model. The quality of available evidence was assessed using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Results: Nine RCTs were included. Eight RCTs used the Visual Analogue Scale for self-reported pain assessment, while one RCT used the Numeric Rating Scale. Five RCTs had a high RoB and four RCTs had a moderate RoB. Power analysis for sample size estimation was performed in six RCTs. Separate meta-analyses were performed by pooling quantitative data from five RCTs that compared self-reported orthodontic pain between chewing gum and ibuprofen groups for the following timepoints: baseline; immediately; 2 hours; 6 hours; bedtime; 24 hours; 2 days; 3 days; 5 days; and 7 days after the placement of orthodontic appliances. None of the timepoints individually indicated a difference in self-reported pain scores between chewing sugar-free gum and ibuprofen groups. The overall level of evidence was very low. Conclusion: Chewing sugar-free gum is a potentially useful alternative to CADs towards pain alleviation during fixed OT.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sugar-free chewing gum versus conventional analgesic drugs for pain relief with fixed orthodontic appliances. A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2022

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Effect of chewing gum on orthodontic pain in patients receiving fixed orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Guo,

Liao,

Guan

et al. 2023

Eur J Med Res

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Objectives The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of chewing gum on orthodontic pain and to determine the rate of bracket breakage associated with fixed orthodontic appliances. Methods This review and its reporting were performed according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and the PRISMA guidelines. Six electronic databases were searched up to March 16, 2023, to identify relevant studies that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Furthermore, grey literature resources were searched. The Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias tool 2 was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan, and sensitivity analysis and publication bias analysis were performed using STATA software. GRADE tool was used to evaluate the certainty of evidence. Results Fifteen studies with 2116 participants were ultimately included in this review, and 14 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with the blank group, chewing gum had a significant pain relieving effect at all times after fixation of the initial archwire (P ≤ 0.05). No significant difference was found between the chewing gum group and the analgesics group at any timepoints (P > 0.05). Only four studies evaluated the rate of bracket breakage and revealed that chewing gum did not increase the rate of bracket breakage. The sensitivity analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the pooled outcomes after the included studies were removed one at times, and Egger analysis revealed no significant publication bias in included studies (P > 0.05). Conclusions Chewing gum is a non-invasive, low-cost and convenient method that has a significant effect on relieving orthodontic pain and has no effect on the rate of bracket breakage. Therefore, chewing gum can be recommended as a suitable substitute for analgesics to reduce orthodontic pain.

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The effect of gargling with green tea extract solution (Camelia sinensis) in efforts to prevent caries incidence: A systematic review

Gilang Ratri Sakti,

Karina Lawindra,

Tantiana

2023

World J. Adv. Res. Rev.

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Background: One of the main dental and oral health problems that occur throughout the world is dental caries. Cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus are the main microorganisms that cause dental caries. Saliva plays a significant function in maintaining optimal dental health and oral cavity especially because of its components such as pH, flow, and buffering capacity. These three components have a significant role in the initiation and development of dental caries. Gargling is one of the activities that can be done as a prevention of dental caries. Green tea contains the compound Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) which is a flavonoid compound that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, and anticariogenic properties. This systematic review aims to describe the effect of gargling with green tea to prevent dental caries incidents. Method: The method used is a systematic review which is done by searching articles through Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. Discussion: Gargling with green tea regularly can help to increase the pH of saliva. It will help the tooth remineralization process and prevent caries. Green tea contains catechins that inhibit acid formation and reduce the work of the glucosyltransferase enzyme of Streptococcus mutans. The largest catechin content in green tea is EGCG. EGCG can reduce the quantity of Streptococcus mutans. Conclusion: Gargling with green tea is effective in preventing dental caries incidents because it contains catechins, especially EGCG, tannins, and fluoride.

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Chewing gum, acetaminophen, and green tea effect in reducing pain after orthodontic appliance placement

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Sugar-free chewing gum versus conventional analgesic drugs for pain relief with fixed orthodontic appliances. A systematic review and meta-analysis

Sugar-free chewing gum versus conventional analgesic drugs for pain relief with fixed orthodontic appliances. A systematic review and meta-analysis

Effect of chewing gum on orthodontic pain in patients receiving fixed orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The effect of gargling with green tea extract solution (Camelia sinensis) in efforts to prevent caries incidence: A systematic review

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