Chewing gum modifies state anxiety and alertness under conditions of social stress

Sketchley-Kaye, Kathryn; Jenks, Rebecca; Miles, Christopher; Johnson, Andrew

doi:10.1179/1476830511y.0000000017

Cited by 31 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Second, the present study failed to replicate the accentuating effect of chewing gum on self-rated alertness found in previous work (e.g. Scholey et al, 2009;Smith 2009bSmith , 2010Sketchley-Kaye et al, 2011). However, speculative post-hoc analysis via independent sample t-test comparisons at each stage of the study revealed some evidence that gum was impacting alertness.…”

Section: Self-rated Stresscontrasting

confidence: 55%

The contrasting physiological and subjective effects of chewing gum on social stress

et al. 2012

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AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank Dr. Lara Tucha for her comments on an earlier draft and the later comments from both Prof. Debra Zellner and an anonymous reviewer. AbstractUncertainty exists with respect to the extent to which chewing gum may attenuate stressinduced rises in cortisol secretion (Scholey et al., 2009;Smith, 2010;Johnson et al., 2011).The present study used the Trier Social Stress Task (TSST: Kirschbaum et al., 1993), a task known to elevate cortisol secretion (Kudielka et al., 2004), in order to examine the moderating physiological and subjective effects of chewing gum on social stress. Forty participants completed the TSST either with or without chewing gum. As expected, completion of the TSST elevated both cortisol and subjective stress levels, whilst impairing mood. Although gum moderated the perception of stress, cortisol concentrations were higher following the chewing of gum. The findings are consistent with Smith (2010) who argued that elevations in cortisol following the chewing of gum reflect heightened arousal. The findings suggest that chewing gum only benefits subjective measures of stress. The mechanism remains unclear; however, this may reflect increased cerebral blood flow, cognitive distraction, and/or effects secondary to task facilitation.

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Section: Self-rated Stresscontrasting

confidence: 55%

The contrasting physiological and subjective effects of chewing gum on social stress

et al. 2012

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“…However, this decline in alertness was reversed when participants were chewing gum. In contrast, the stress tasks used by Smith [6], Johnson et al [2], and Sketchley-Kaye et al [4] did not affect alertness, yet chewing gum acted to elevate self-reported alertness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 47%

“…The effect of chewing gum on daytime sleepiness measures (both physiological and self-rated) reflects increments in self-rated alertness data found in other studies [1,2,4,5,6,19]. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the effect on PUI was specific to the chewing gum condition, with no benefit found for sham chewing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…The present study contributes to the growing body of data reflecting facilitative effects of chewing gum on alertness [1,2,4,5,6]. We have shown that chewing gum limits the increase in daytime sleepiness (indexed via PUI and, to a lesser extent, selfrated sleepiness) following an 11-minutes period within a darkened laboratory; such a finding has clear practical applications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…For example, Scholey et al [1] and Johnson et al [2] reported increased levels of self-rated alertness following a cognitive-load multi-tasking stressor for those participants who chewed gum. Furthermore, following a social stressor (the Trier Social Stress Task, TSST, [3]), Sketchley-Kaye et al [4] reported higher self-rated alertness for those participants who chewed gum. These effects are also found following completion of both memory and intelligence tasks [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of chewing gum on physiological and self-rated measures of alertness and daytime sleepiness

Johnson

Miles

Haddrell

et al. 2012

Physiology & Behavior

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AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. AbstractThe proposition that chewing gum can improve alertness was investigated via both physiological and self-rated measures. The Pupillographic Sleepiness Test (PST) provided a measure of pupillary unrest (PUI); a physiological index of daytime sleepiness. Chewing gum reduced the extent of sleepiness as measured by both PUI and self-rated sleepiness. Specifically, in comparison with sham chewing and no chewing controls, the chewing gum condition significantly limited the increase in pupillary unrest following the 11-minute PST within a darkened laboratory: a finding indicating moderation of the daytime sleepiness increase for the chewing gum condition. In addition, there was some evidence that chewing gum (relative to the nochewing condition only) moderated the increase in a self-rated measure of sleepiness (Stanford Sleepiness Scale). However, there was no evidence that chewing gum moderated the decrease in self-rated alertness (Bond-Lader Visual Analogue Mood Scale). Although the precise mechanism underpinning the effect of chewing gum is unclear, the reduction in daytime sleepiness may be underpinned via heightened cerebral activity following the chewing of gum or the arousing effects of mint flavour.

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Effects of stress on chewing and food intake in patients with anorexia nervosa

Schmalbach

Herhaus

Päßler

et al. 2021

Intl J Eating Disorders

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Objective The present study investigates the impact of psychosocial stress on chewing and eating behavior in patients with anorexia nervosa (PAN). Method The eating and chewing behavior of PAN were examined in a standardized setting by means of a chewing sensor. These procedures encompassed n = 19 PAN, age, and gender matched to n = 19 healthy controls (HC). Food intake and chewing frequency were assessed in two experimental conditions: rest versus stress (via Trier Social Stress Test). To verify stress induction, two appraisal scales were employed. In addition, chronic stress, psychological distress and eating disorder symptoms were assessed. Results In terms of food intake and chewing frequency, the results of the 2x2 ANOVA demonstrated a significant effect of condition and group. During stress, all participants demonstrated a higher chewing frequency and a decreased ingestion. In general, patients ate less at a lower chewing frequency (vs. HC). However, sample specific analyses demonstrated that the eating and chewing behavior of PAN remained unchanged regardless of the condition, except for their drinking. Food choices were comparable between the groups, but appetite values significantly differed. Discussion The increase in chewing frequency in all participants during stress suggests that chewing might impact affect regulation, however, not specifically in PAN. Future research should clarify to what extent the normalization of chewing behavior could ameliorate ED‐symptoms (incl. food intake) in PAN. The application of a chewing sensor could support this aim and future interventions.

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Chewing gum modifies state anxiety and alertness under conditions of social stress

Cited by 31 publications

References 22 publications

The contrasting physiological and subjective effects of chewing gum on social stress

The contrasting physiological and subjective effects of chewing gum on social stress

The effect of chewing gum on physiological and self-rated measures of alertness and daytime sleepiness

Effects of stress on chewing and food intake in patients with anorexia nervosa

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