Chicken Tallow, a Renewable Source for the Production of Biosurfactant by Yarrowia lipolytica MTCC9520, and its Application in Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis

Abstract

The present study is focused on the production of a biosurfactant using Yarrowia lipolytica MTCC 9520 by employing inexpensive lipid waste, chicken tallow from slaughterhouses. Plackett–Burman and Box–Behnken Design analyses were adopted for preliminary screening of medium variables and further optimization. The maximal yield of 4.4 g L−1 of the biosurfactant was obtained from the optimized medium. The highest emulsification activity was found to be 55%, and the surface tension decreased to 37 mN m−1 at the end of 96 h. The critical micelle concentration of the biosurfactant was calculated as 1.2%. The produced biosurfactant was characterized as cationic lipoprotein in type, and the proteins present in the biosurfactant were observed to have molecular weights between 75 and 100 kDa. The fatty acids composition of the biosurfactant was detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis confirmed the lipoprotein nature of the extracted biosurfactant. Thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed the thermostable nature of the extracted biosurfactant. Surface plasmon resonance vibration peak at 421 nm was observed for the surfactant‐stabilized silver nanoparticles (AgNP) through UV–Vis spectrophotometry. The average particle size of the synthesized AgNP was calculated as 7.2 ± 0.4 nm from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Energy dispersive x‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy exhibited the presence of silver in the synthesized nanoparticles. The zeta potential value of the synthesized AgNP was measured as −22.2 mV, and the polydispersity index was found as 2.3 through dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis.

Potential Food Application of a Biosurfactant Produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae URM 6670

“…There are no reports in the literature on the thermal stability of biosurfactants produced by S. cerevisiae. However, using thermal analysis on a biosurfactant produced by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica MTCC9520, Radha et al (2019) found mass loss greater than 9% at a temperature of approximately 220 • C and 13.73% at a temperature of approximately 337 • C. The DSC analysis of this same biosurfactant revealed crystallization and melting temperatures of 112.48 and 116.80 • C, respectively, which is lower than the melting temperature found for the biosurfactant produced by S. cerevisiae. In a stability study of a rhamnolipid biosurfactant produced by Burkholderia thailandensis, Kourmentza et al (2018) found a similar melting temperature (166.40 • C).…”

Fungal biosurfactants, from nature to biotechnological product: bioprospection, production and potential applications

“…LPP produced by Mucor circinelloides also reduce the surface tension (26 mNm −1 ) and the viscosity of motor oil by 98.25%, contributing to potential applications in microbial enhanced oil recovery [ 132 ]. The cationic lipoprotein produced by Yarrowia lipolytica MTCC 9520 was applied as a stabilizing agent in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, whose action was to prevent the formation of aggregates and facilitate nanoparticles production [ 44 ].…”

“…In this context, several sources of carbon can be used in culture media such as glucose, sucrose [ 231 ], xylose [ 227 ], inulin [ 131 ], cassava wastewater [ 28 ], cane molasses [ 232 ], soy molasses [ 233 ], glycerol [ 234 ] and hydrolyzates from restaurant food waste [ 235 ]. Additionally, lipid sources, such as refined vegetable oils and residual food frying oils [ 71 , 208 , 230 , 236 ], wastewater from the oil industry [ 186 , 237 ], motor oil [ 151 ] and animal fat [ 44 , 238 ], have also been used. In addition, the carbon source supply directly influenced the chemical composition and surfactant properties of sophorolipids produced when S. bombicola was grown in biodiesel or rapeseed oil, with biodiesel a new esterified sophorolipid structure was produced with lower CMC value and surface tension [ 239 ].…”

Biosurfactants: Production and application prospects in the food industry

“…The use biosurfactants to stabilize silver and gold nanoparticles, even in the absence of conventional chemical agents, has been reported. 17,18 In paint and leather processing industries, biosurfactants can be used for the solubilization and removal of components. 19,20 The sector in which these products have been expanding more intensely in recent years is the food industry.…”

“…Biosurfactants also play a significant role in other, less common fields. The use biosurfactants to stabilize silver and gold nanoparticles, even in the absence of conventional chemical agents, has been reported 17,18 . In paint and leather processing industries, biosurfactants can be used for the solubilization and removal of components 19,20 …”