Chidamide Inhibits Glioma Cells by Increasing Oxidative Stress via the miRNA-338-5p Regulation of Hedgehog Signaling

Abstract

Objective. Chidamide has a broad spectrum of antitumor activity but its function on glioma remains unknown. The increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) may control glioma risk by promoting its apoptosis and necrosis. Hedgehog pathway is crucial to glioma cell proliferation and controls ROS production. We aimed to explore the effects of chidamide on the levels of miR-338-5p (glioma cell inhibitor), which may regulate Hedgehog signaling, resulting in the changes of RNS. Materials and Methods. Migration and invasion activities of glioma cells were measured by using the Transwell chamber assay. The expression levels of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), Indian Hedgehog (Ihh), Desert Hedgehog (Dhh), miR-338-5p, and related molecules were detected by using real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and or Western Blot in U87 and HS683 glioma cells. The effects of chidamide on these molecules were measured by using the miR-338-5p inhibitor or mimics in U87 and HS683 glioma cell lines. ROS and RNS were measured by DCF DA and DAF-FM DA fluorescence. Biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured by using a corresponding kit. Apoptosis and necrosis rates were measured by using flow cytometry. Results. Chidamide inhibited the growth rate, migration, and invasion of human malignant glioma cells and increased the level of miR-338-5p. miR-338-5p inhibitor or mimics increased or inhibited the growth rate of U87 and HS683 glioma cells. Chidamide inhibited the levels of Shh, Ihh, migration protein E-cadherin, and invading protein MMP-2. The increase in the level of Shh and Ihh led to the reduction in the ROS and RNS levels. miR-338-5p inhibitor or mimics also showed a promoting or inhibitory function for the levels of Shh and Ihh. Furthermore, miR-338-5p mimics and inhibitor inhibited or promoted the migration and invasion of the glioma cells (P<0.05). Evaluated levels of miR-338-5p increased oxidative stress level and apoptosis and necrosis rate by regulating the levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress (P<0.05). Conclusion. Chidamide inhibits glioma cells by increasing oxidative stress via the miRNA-338-5p regulation of Hedgehog signaling. Chidamide may be a potential drug in the prevention of glioma development.

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“… 36 , 37 An imbalance between the production of ROS and cells antioxidant system’s ability to readily detoxify ROS, results in oxidative stress. 38 , 39 It was shown that ROS released during quercetin and chloroquine administration resulted in caspase activation which was particularly involved in the survival of glioma cells. 40 In addition, mitochondria-mediated apoptosis was accompanied by BAX mitochondrial distribution and oligomerization, and caspase 3/caspase 8/caspase 9 activation.…”

The increasing expression of GPX7 related to the malignant clinical features leading to poor prognosis of glioma patients

“…Numerous studies have revealed that oxidative stress state exhibited an inhibitory effect on the pathological process of tumors. For example, miRNA-338-5p promotes oxidative stress by regulating the Hedgehog pathway and ultimately inhibited the proliferation of gliomas [11]. Moreover, inducing oxidative stress of C6 glioma cells was related with the promotion of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis [12].…”

Chidamide Suppresses the Growth of Cholangiocarcinoma by Inhibiting HDAC3 and Promoting FOXO1 Acetylation

“…According to previous reports, CDM inhibits the proliferation of glioma cells, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and myeloma cells [24][25][26]. In Jurkat and HUT-78 cells, treatment with CDM (2 μM) leads to downregulation of HDAC3 expression, thus inducing necroptosis [27].…”