“…Mounting studies have shown that child abuse is associated with aggressive behavior (e.g., Moore et al, 2020; Zhu et al, 2020). Although risk factors for child abuse varies depending on socioeconomic background, sampling methods used, and type of abuse, there is consensus among certain risk factors having a major role to play, such as social isolation, parental educational background, parental history of childhood maltreatment victimization, and family and social environment (Deb & Ray, 2022). Social learning theory and developmental-ecological model could provide a framework for understanding child abuse (Espinosa et al, 2017; Schelbe & Geiger, 2017).…”