“…In contrast to early work, recent studies suggest that harsh parenting is consistently low with Chinese parents (Chang, Lansford, Schwartz, & Farver, 2004;Chang, McBride-Chang, Stewart, & Au, 2003;Chang, Schwartz, Dodge, & McBride-Chang, 2003;Tao, Wang, Wang, & Dong, 1998). Furthermore, although 97% of doctors and nurses surveyed at eight hospitals in Eastern China believed that physical discipline was widely used by Chinese parents, 76% of these respondents indicated that they personally disapproved of using physical discipline (Hesketh, Hong, & Lynch, 2000). Thus, we expected physical discipline to be less normative in China than in Kenya, India, and the Philippines.…”