Child and Adolescent Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intakes Are Longitudinally Associated with Higher Body Mass Index z Scores in a Birth Cohort Followed 17 Years

Marshall, Teresa A.; Curtis, Alexandra; Cavanaugh, Joseph E.; Warren, John J.; Levy, Steven M.

doi:10.1016/j.jand.2018.11.003

Cited by 42 publications

(62 citation statements)

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“…Our lack of association of SSB consumption frequency with subsequent BMI z-score or other measures of adiposity differs from an observational study [29] and meta-analyses of observational studies largely from Western settings [5,6,30,31]. A cohort study conducted in US children suggested that BMI z-score was 0.050 higher (95% CI 0.022 to 0.079) for each additional 8 oz/day of SSB consumed at ages 2 to 17 years [29]. The discrepancy between our study and that of Marshall et al [29] may be because the participants in our study had a much lower SSB intake (6.8% consumed SSB daily at 11 years) than those in that study (median 8 oz/day at 11 years).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…The discrepancy between our study and that of Marshall et al [29] may be because the participants in our study had a much lower SSB intake (6.8% consumed SSB daily at 11 years) than those in that study (median 8 oz/day at 11 years). Notably, Marshall et al also found a positive association of water/sugar-free beverages with BMI z scores [29], thus confounding may exist. In the US, both SSB intake and adiposity are strongly associated with socio-economic position, which could confound the estimates [15,16].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Cross-sectional studies in Chinese children [17,28] have shown a positive association of regular SSB consumption with obesity and abdominal obesity in 6-13-year-olds [28] and an association of SSB consumption with abdominal but not general obesity in 6-17-year-olds [17]. Our lack of association of SSB consumption frequency with subsequent BMI z-score or other measures of adiposity differs from an observational study [29] and meta-analyses of observational studies largely from Western settings [5,6,30,31]. A cohort study conducted in US children suggested that BMI z-score was 0.050 higher (95% CI 0.022 to 0.079) for each additional 8 oz/day of SSB consumed at ages 2 to 17 years [29].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

“…A cohort study conducted in US children suggested that BMI z-score was 0.050 higher (95% CI 0.022 to 0.079) for each additional 8 oz/day of SSB consumed at ages 2 to 17 years [29]. The discrepancy between our study and that of Marshall et al [29] may be because the participants in our study had a much lower SSB intake (6.8% consumed SSB daily at 11 years) than those in that study (median 8 oz/day at 11 years). Notably, Marshall et al also found a positive association of water/sugar-free beverages with BMI z scores [29], thus confounding may exist.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Frequency with Adiposity: Evidence from the “Children of 1997” Birth Cohort

et al. 2020

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Background: Observationally, sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is associated with adiposity in Western children but could be confounded. We examined the association of SSB frequency with adiposity in the non-Western setting of Hong Kong. Methods: We examined the associations of SSB consumption frequency at 11 and 13 years assessed by using a food frequency questionnaire with subsequent body mass index (BMI) z-score and overweight/obesity up to 18 years using generalized estimating equations, and with waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and body fat percentage at 16-19 years using linear regression in a population-representative Chinese birth cohort "Children of 1997" (n = 3628). Results: At 11 and 13 years, 6.8% and 8.2% of children respectively consumed SSB daily. Neither SSB frequency at 11 nor at 13 years was associated with subsequent BMI z-score or overweight/obesity up to 18 years, or with waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, or body fat percentage at 16-19 years adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic position, health status, physical activity and other food consumption, although bias to the null from under-reporting cannot be eliminated. Conclusion: Although we cannot definitively exclude a small association of SSB frequency with adiposity, lack of association of SSB frequency with adiposity in a non-Western setting with low SSB consumption suggests that the role of SSB in adiposity appears to be minor.Nutrients 2020, 12, 1015 2 of 13 unreliable [8]. A few randomized controlled trials (RCT) have been conducted in children [9,10], which suggested reducing SSB intake reduces weight. However, meta-analyses of RCTs have revealed mixed findings. One meta-analysis showed no overall effect of SSB intake on weight in children, possibly due to low compliance in some included trials [6]. This meta-analysis also found weight decrease for reduced sugars intake and weight increase for increased sugars intake in trials of adults with ad libitum diets [6]. However, some others showed small effects of SSB intake on weight or BMI, which may be more marked for increasing consumption of SSB on weight gain and among the overweight [5,11,12]. As a beverage containing naturally occurring sugars, 100% fruit juice was not associated with weight gain in children aged 7 to 18 years in a meta-analysis of observational studies [13], but no RCT to date has tested the effect of 100% fruit juice on adiposity in children.Given the inconclusive evidence concerning the effect of SSB on adiposity, assessing the association in settings with different confounding patterns can be helpful [14]. Unlike in Western developed settings, obesity is less clearly socially patterned in Hong Kong Chinese children [15,16]. Chinese children also consume fewer SSBs than those in Western developed countries [17]. SSB consumption in Chinese children may have different socioeconomic patterns than in Western settings, where children of lower SEP tend to consume more SSB [18]. Here, we examined the association of SSB frequency at 11 and 13 years ...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Frequency with Adiposity: Evidence from the “Children of 1997” Birth Cohort

et al. 2020

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“…Many causal questions unique to paediatric populations involve understanding effects of time-varying continuous (multi-level) pre-and postnatal exposure interventions on later offspring outcomes. For example, sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is associated with weight gain in childhood and adulthood, [1][2][3] and randomised interventions that reduce SSB consumption in 4-to 11-year-olds and in adolescents demonstrated short-term weight loss. 4,5 Given possible developmental programming of body weight, 6,7 there is interest in understanding whether reducing SSB consumption in certain windows of early life leads to lower body mass index (BMI) in adolescence.…”

Section: Backg Rou N Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of intergenerational exposure interventions on adolescent outcomes: An application of inverse probability weighting to longitudinal pre‐birth cohort data

Chiu

Rifas‐Shiman

Kleinman

et al. 2020

Paediatric Perinatal Epid

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Background: There is great interest in understanding whether interventions on sugarsweetened beverage (SSB) consumption through pregnancy and early childhood affect adolescent body mass index (BMI). Without data from randomised trials, unbiased estimation of such effects might be achieved with observational data given sufficient and appropriate adjustment for both baseline and time-varying confounders.Objectives: To illustrate the use of inverse probability (IP) weighting of marginal structural models (MSM) for estimating the effects of SSB consumption through pregnancy and early childhood on the mean early adolescent BMI z-score. Methods:Our baseline sample consisted of 1584 pregnant women from a pre-birth cohort. We defined 6 intervention intervals: early pregnancy, late pregnancy, 3, 4, 5, and 6 years. We fitted a MSM via a weighted linear regression with IP exposure and censoring weights to estimate the mean difference in BMI z-score under interventions: "maintain SSB consumption below (vs above) 0.5 servings/day in all intervals." Results:The estimated difference in mean BMI z-score under interventions maintaining SSB consumption at or below (vs above) 0.5 servings/day from pregnancy to 6 years was −0.94 (95% confidence interval [CI] −1.52, −0.08). The effect estimate in pregnancy, while fixing the exposure range in childhood, was −0.05 (95% CI −0.34, 0.23), and in early childhood, while fixing the range in pregnancy was −0.89 (95% CI −1.46, −0.11). The effect estimates were largely unchanged under sensitivity analyses to different implementation choices except for the choice of time interval length. Conclusions: Under assumptions that include no unmeasured confounding and selection bias, and no model misspecification, results of this IP weighting application are in line with a lower mean BMI z-score in early adolescence under interventions ensuring lower, vs greater, SSB consumption in early life. This application provides a resource for researchers working with longitudinal birth cohort studies and interested in similar causal questions. K E Y W O R D S childhood obesity, Inverse probability weighting, marginal structural models, representative interventions, sensitive window, sugar-sweetened beverages | 367 CHIU et al.

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Association Between Childhood Consumption of Ultraprocessed Food and Adiposity Trajectories in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Birth Cohort

et al. 2021

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IMPORTANCE Reports of associations between higher consumption of ultraprocessed foods (UPF) and elevated risks of obesity, noncommunicable diseases, and mortality in adults are increasing. However, associations of UPF consumption with long-term adiposity trajectories have never been investigated in children.OBJECTIVE To assess longitudinal associations between UPF consumption and adiposity trajectories from childhood to early adulthood. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSThis prospective birth cohort study included children who participated in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) in Avon County, southwest England. Children were followed up from 7 to 24 years of age during the study period from

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Child and Adolescent Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intakes Are Longitudinally Associated with Higher Body Mass Index z Scores in a Birth Cohort Followed 17 Years

Abstract: Background: Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) are considered a risk factor for obesity.

Cited by 42 publications

References 42 publications

Association of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Frequency with Adiposity: Evidence from the “Children of 1997” Birth Cohort

Association of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Frequency with Adiposity: Evidence from the “Children of 1997” Birth Cohort

Effects of intergenerational exposure interventions on adolescent outcomes: An application of inverse probability weighting to longitudinal pre‐birth cohort data

Association Between Childhood Consumption of Ultraprocessed Food and Adiposity Trajectories in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Birth Cohort

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