Objective-To assess the feasibility and acceptability of screening young children for iron deficiency in a deprived inner city practice and to assess the effects of a programme of dietary education.Design-Prospective study of children in general practice, comparison with historical controls.Setting-A deprived inner city practice.Patients-127 Children aged 13-24 months. Findings were compared with those in 110 children of the same age studied previously.Interventions-All mothers received dietary education antenatally and in the first year after giving birth. Screening for iron deficiency (defined as mean cell volume <75 fl and haemoglobin concentration < 105 g/l) and haemoglobinopathy (when appropriate) was offered for all children attending for immunisation against measles, mumps, and rubella over 12 months; capillary blood samples were taken after immunisation.Main outcome measures-Uptake of the screening programme expressed as the percentage of all children eligible for immunisation who were screened, and the effectiveness of the dietary education as shown by the prevalence of iron deficiency in the two groups.