Child health, developmental plasticity, and epigenetic programming

Abstract

Plasticity in developmental programming has evolved in order to provide the best chances of survival and reproductive success to the organism under changing environments. Environmental conditions that are experienced in early life can profoundly influence human biology and long-term health. Developmental origins of health and disease and life-history transitions are purported to use placental, nutritional, and endocrine cues for setting longterm biological, mental, and behavioral strategies in response to local ecological and/or social conditions. The window of developmental plasticity extends from preconception to early childhood and involves epigenetic responses to environmental changes, which exert their effects during life-history phase transitions. These epigenetic responses influence development, cell-and tissue-specific gene expression, and sexual dimorphism, and, in exceptional cases, could be transmitted transgenerationally. Translational epigenetic research in child health is a reiterative process that ranges from research in the basic sciences, preclinical research, and pediatric clinical research. Identifying the epigenetic consequences of fetal programming creates potential applications in clinical practice: the development of epigenetic biomarkers for early diagnosis of disease, the ability to identify susceptible individuals at risk for adult diseases, and the development of novel preventive and curative measures that are based on diet and/or novel epigenetic drugs. (Endocrine Reviews 32: 159 -224, 2011) I. Introduction A. Developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) B. Plasticity in developmental programming C. Plasticity in phase transitions of human life history II. Epigenetic Programming and Developmental Plasticity A. The epigenome B. The epigenetic marks C. Reading the epigenetic marks and developmental and physiological consequences D. Epigenetics as a molecular mechanism for developmental origins of disease E. Heritability of epigenetic changes and the determination of phenotype III. Human Growth and Developmental Programming A. Plasticity in human growth B. Epigenetic regulation of human growth C. Intrauterine growth and imprinted genes D. Postnatal developmental epigenomics IV. Genomic Imprinting, X-Inactivation, and Childhood Disease A. Epigenetic mechanisms in mammalian genomic imprinting B. Assisted reproductive technologies and genomic imprinting C. X-inactivation, imprinted genes, and the Turner syndrome V. The Role of Epigenetics in Aging VI. Tissue-Specific Epigenetic Changes VII. Sexual Dimorphism of Gene Expression and Epigenetics A. Sex chromosomes and the hormonal basis of sexual dimorphism B.

Photoelectrocatalytic Synthesis of Urea from Carbon Dioxide and Nitrate over a Cu2O Photocathode

“…In the absence of NO 3 À (using 0.1 M KHCO 3 solution as electrolyte) or without feeding CO 2 (using argon as gas feeding), no urea was detected (Figure 3a). Furthermore, isotopelabelling PEC experiments were conducted by using K 15 NO 3 and 13 CO 2 as the nitrogen and carbon resources, respectively. By using 0.1 M K 15 NO 3 electrolyte with 12 CO 2 feeding, the signal of mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 61-62 was observed in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS, Figure 3b), which can be assigned to 15 Nlabeled urea.…”

“…Furthermore, isotopelabelling PEC experiments were conducted by using K 15 NO 3 and 13 CO 2 as the nitrogen and carbon resources, respectively. By using 0.1 M K 15 NO 3 electrolyte with 12 CO 2 feeding, the signal of mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 61-62 was observed in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS, Figure 3b), which can be assigned to 15 Nlabeled urea. By feeding 13 CO 2 in the presence of K 14 NO 3 , 13 C-labeled urea with m/z of 61 was observed.…”

“…Collectively, these results indicate the occurrence of photocorrosion in the Cu 2 O, which was previously reported over Cu 2 O-based materials. [15] To overcome the photocorrosion issue of Cu 2 O, we rationalize that further study on surface modification with multiple-protective-layer (such as TiO 2 , ZnO) [12,16] might be conductive to increase the stability. Photo-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) is usually employed to reflect the photon energies contribute toward the photocurrent.…”

Pembuatan Karbon Aktif dari Limbah Batang Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis) Menggunakan Metoda Sonikasi Sebagai Adsorben Rhodamin B

“…Penelitian penggunaan batang kelapa sawit untuk menjadi karbon aktif sejauh pengetahuan penulis, menggunakan aktivasi kimia dengan H 3 PO 4 , [3], ZnCl 2 /CO 2 [7], aktivasi fisika dengan gas dari kalsinasi batu kapur [8], dan gas CO 2 [9].…”