Child health in Central America and the Caribbean

Reynó, José Romero; González, Mauro Castelló; Choonara, Imti

doi:10.1136/archdischild-2014-306855

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…3,15,16 This finding was consistent with a previous study using data from Central America which reported reductions ranging from 239% in Panama to 275% in El Salvador. 6 Our results underscore disparities in the burden of U5 mortality among Central American countries, which may reflect the differences between these in terms of socioeconomic indicators. 4 In previous studies, authors have pointed out inequalities in infant mortality in the region, where rates in countries from the lowest gross domestic product (GDP) quintile were 4 times as high as those reported in countries from the highest quintile.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…5 As an example, despite large decreases in under-5 (U5) mortality in the region over the decades, in 2011, U5MRs in Guatemala were 3 times as high as those in Costa Rica. 6 With this study, we aim to fill the knowledge gap about the reduction in U5MRs in Central America using a better understanding of the different paces at which this change is taking place among countries. We also aim to identify which SDGrelated indicators are more strongly related to the observed U5MRs.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Under-5 Mortality in Central America: 1990–2016

Castro

Lara²,

Garcés

et al. 2021

Pediatrics

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We aimed to calculate the change in under-5 mortality rates (U5MRs) , to assess countries' status regarding Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.2.1 (reducing the U5MR to #25 deaths per 1000 live births by 2030), to list the most important causes of death (1990, 2016), and to examine the association between selected SDG indicators and U5MRs using a linear mixed-effects regression.METHODS: Ecological study in which we used estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 for Central American countries. Results were expressed as U5MRs (deaths per 1000 live births), cause-specific mortality rates (deaths per 100 000 population ,5 years of age), and regression coefficients with 95% confidence intervals.RESULTS: U5MRs decreased 65% , and in 2016, all countries but Guatemala had met SDG 3.2.1. The main causes of death were diarrheal diseases (1990; 311.1 per 100 000) and lower respiratory infections (LRIs) (2016; 78.1 per 100 000). When disaggregated by country (2016), congenital birth defects were the most important cause of death in all countries except for in Honduras (neonatal preterm birth) and Guatemala (LRIs). Nutritional status; availability of water, sanitation, and hygiene services; coverage of vaccines; and coverage of contraception were associated with a reduction in U5MRs.CONCLUSIONS: Central America has achieved a large reduction in U5MRs. Countries must address both the high mortality caused by LRIs and the rising mortality caused by noncommunicable causes of death through an improvement of SDG indicators that guarantees equitable progress in child survival in the region.WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Changes in under-5 mortality rates have been reported in Central America, ranging from 39% (Panama) to 75% (El Salvador) (1990-2011 study). Vaccination coverage was related to a reduction in child mortality in a study including countries from the region.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS: This study highlights the need for addressing the high mortality resulting from communicable causes of death and the rising mortality resulting from noncommunicable causes in Central America by improving different components of the Sustainable Development Goals framework.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Under-5 Mortality in Central America: 1990–2016

Castro

Lara²,

Garcés

et al. 2021

Pediatrics

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“…How, therefore, has this been achieved? Firstly, it is important to notice that health care, and child health in particular, is excellent in Cuba [5,10,11,12]. Child mortality rates are lower than those of the neighbouring USA (Table 2) [13].…”

Section: Child Health In Cubamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Poor countries unable to pay for Cuban health professionals have still received assistance. In some cases, high-income countries such as Norway have paid Cuba to send Cuban health professionals rather than sending Norwegian health professionals halfway across the world [3,5]. …”

Section: Benefits For Cubamentioning

confidence: 99%

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International Medical Collaboration: Lessons from Cuba

et al. 2016

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Over 50,000 Cuban health professionals are currently working overseas in 67 different countries. They work in conjunction with local health professionals. The majority work in primary care in deprived areas. The aim is to reduce morbidity and mortality but also improve health in the long term by training local health professionals, and building both institutions and a structure to deliver health care alongside educating the local population. Cuba is a small, middle-income country. It has, however, made a significant international contribution in relation to medical collaboration. Cuba’s international collaboration is based on the principles of social justice and equity for all. It has set an example for other countries to emulate.

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Health Literacy among Youth in Guatemala City

Hoffman

Marsiglia

Nevarez

et al. 2016

Social Work in Public Health

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Health literacy (HL) is recognized as an important health construct that is correlated with various health-related outcomes, but outside of the United States there is limited HL research available, particularly among youth. This study looked at the HL and harmful health behavior (i.e., substance use) of 210 youth across 10 schools in Guatemala City. Based on results from the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) HL assessment, fewer than one third of youth sampled had adequate HL. Training/education to improve adolescent HL is needed in Guatemala City, and the unique skillset of social workers could be an idea method of reaching at-risk youth.

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Child health in Central America and the Caribbean

Cited by 5 publications

References 2 publications

Under-5 Mortality in Central America: 1990–2016

Under-5 Mortality in Central America: 1990–2016

International Medical Collaboration: Lessons from Cuba

Health Literacy among Youth in Guatemala City

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