Childhood and persistent ADHD symptoms associated with educational failure and long-term occupational disability in adult ADHD

Fredriksen, Mats; Dahl, Alv A.; Martinsen, Egil W.; Klungsøyr, Ole; Faraone, Stephen V.; Peleikis, Dawn E.

doi:10.1007/s12402-014-0126-1

Cited by 142 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…The clinical heterogeneity of ADHD is further attested by the fact that categories were identified from all nine chapters in the activities and participation component. Consistent with previous research and the operationalization of ADHD, this study supported difficulties in general demands of life, social relationships and school [7][8][9][10]52]. These challenges could be described here in more detail through the use of the IC-CY standardized system.…”

Section: Identified Icf-cy Categoriessupporting

confidence: 86%

“…ADHD is also characterized by cognitive difficulties [6], and impacts significantly on management of daily routines [7], school [8], work [9] and social relationships [10]. In addition, ADHD is associated with an increased risk for other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions [11,12], poorer quality of life [13], and premature mortality [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A longitudinal examination of dyadic distress patterns following a skills intervention for carers of adolescents with anorexia nervosa

Salerno¹,

Rhind

Hibbs

et al. 2016

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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This is the fourth and final study designed to develop International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF, and children and youth version, ICF-CY) core sets for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To investigate aspects of functioning and environment of individuals with ADHD as documented by the ICF-CY in clinical practice settings. An international cross-sectional multi-centre study was applied, involving nine units from eight countries: Denmark, Germany, India, Italy, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Sweden and Taiwan. Clinicians and clinical researchers rated the functioning level of 112 children, adolescents and adults with ADHD using the extended ICF-CY checklist version 2.1a. The ratings were based on a variety of information sources, such as medical records, medical history, clinical observations, clinical questionnaires, psychometric tests and structured interviews with participants and family members. In total, 113 ICF-CY categories were identified, of which 50 were related to the activities and participation, 33 to environmental factors and 30 to body functions. The clinical study also yielded strengths related to ADHD, which included temperament and personality functions and recreation and leisure. The study findings endorse the complex nature of ADHD, as evidenced by the many functional and contextual domains impacted in ADHD. ICF-CY based tools can serve as foundation for capturing various functional profiles and environmental facilitators and barriers. The international nature of the ICF-CY makes it possible to develop user-friendly tools that can be applied globally and in multiple settings, ranging from clinical services and policymaking to education and research.

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Section: Identified Icf-cy Categoriessupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A longitudinal examination of dyadic distress patterns following a skills intervention for carers of adolescents with anorexia nervosa

Salerno¹,

Rhind

Hibbs

et al. 2016

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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“…The activities and participation categories that were identified as characteristic of living with ADHD were diverse. They range from challenges with social relationships and interactions [8,40] to academic achievement [6,7], occupational functioning [7], and self-care [41]. Contrary to activities and participation, the body function categories were less heterogeneous, consisting mainly of b1 mental function categories.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ADHD is associated with challenges to functioning in daily life, including academic and vocational difficulties [6,7], social exclusion [8], and delinquency [9,10]. Co-exiting psychiatric issues are also common [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standardised assessment of functioning in ADHD: consensus on the ICF Core Sets for ADHD

Bölte

Mahdi

Coghill

et al. 2018

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with significant impairments in social, educational, and occupational functioning, as well as specific strengths. Currently, there is no internationally accepted standard to assess the functioning of individuals with ADHD. WHO's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-child and youth version (ICF) can serve as a conceptual basis for such a standard. The objective of this study is to develop a comprehensive, a common brief, and three age-appropriate brief ICF Core Sets for ADHD. Using a standardised methodology, four international preparatory studies generated 132 second-level ICF candidate categories that served as the basis for developing ADHD Core Sets. Using these categories and following an iterative consensus process, 20 ADHD experts from nine professional disciplines and representing all six WHO regions selected the most relevant categories to constitute the ADHD Core Sets. The consensus process resulted in 72 second-level ICF categories forming the comprehensive ICF Core Set-these represented 8 body functions, 35 activities and participation, and 29 environmental categories. A Common Brief Core Set that included 38 categories was also defined. Age-specific brief Core Sets included a 47 category preschool version for 0-5 years old, a 55 category school-age version for 6-16 years old, and a 52 category version for older adolescents and adults 17 years old and above. The ICF Core Sets for ADHD mark a milestone toward an internationally standardised functional assessment of ADHD across the lifespan, and across educational, administrative, clinical, and research settings.

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“…Baseline characteristics of the sample have been thoroughly described previously [11] [13], and constitute demographics, measures of functioning, mental distress, ADHD symptom-level, and comorbid anxiety, depression, bi-polar disorder, and drug and alcohol use disorders. To be diagnosed with ADHD, patients must retrospectively have endorsed at least 6 out of 9 DSM-IV symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity in childhood, and currently been assessed by two board certified psychiatrists using the Norwegian version of the Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults, second edition (DIVA 2.0) [14] with at least 5 out of 9 DSM-IV symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity for the last 6 months (according to diagnostic threshold for ADHD in adults in DSM-5 [12], and with their ADHD symptoms related to significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.…”

Section: Predictive Baseline Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacological Treatment of Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in a Longitudinal Observational Study: Estimated Treatment Effect Strengthened by Improved Covariate Balance

Klungsøyr¹,

Fredriksen²

2017

OJS

Self Cite

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An improved method for estimation of causal effects from observational data is demonstrated. Applications in medicine have been few, and the purpose of the present study is to contribute new clinical insight by means of this new and more sophisticated analysis. Long term effect of medication for adult ADHD patients is not resolved. A model with causal parameters to represent effect of medication was formulated, which accounts for time-varying confounding and selection-bias from loss to follow-up. The popular marginal structural model (MSM) for causal inference, of Robins et al., adjusts for time-varying confounding, but suffers from lack of robustness for misspecification in the weights. Recent work by Imai and Ratkovic [1] [2] achieves robustness in the MSM, through improved covariate balance (CBMSM). The CBMSM (freely available software) was compared with a standard fit of a MSM and a naive regression model, to give a robust estimate of the true treatment effect in 250 previously non-medicated adults, treated for one year, in a specialized ADHD outpatient clinic in Norway. Covariate balance was greatly improved, resulting in a stronger treatment effect than without this improvement. In terms of treatment effect per week, early stages seemed to have the strongest influence. An estimated average reduction of 4 units on the symptom scale assessed at 12 weeks, for hypothetical medication in the 9 -12 weeks period compared to no medication in this period, was found. The treatment effect persisted throughout the whole year, with an estimated aver- age reduction of 0.7 units per week on symptoms assessed at one year, for hypothetical medication in the last 13 weeks of the year, compared to no medication in this period. The present findings support a strong and causal direct and indirect effect of pharmacological treatment of adults with ADHD on improvement in symptoms, and with a stronger treatment effect than has been reported.

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Childhood and persistent ADHD symptoms associated with educational failure and long-term occupational disability in adult ADHD

Cited by 142 publications

References 71 publications

A longitudinal examination of dyadic distress patterns following a skills intervention for carers of adolescents with anorexia nervosa

A longitudinal examination of dyadic distress patterns following a skills intervention for carers of adolescents with anorexia nervosa

Standardised assessment of functioning in ADHD: consensus on the ICF Core Sets for ADHD

Pharmacological Treatment of Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in a Longitudinal Observational Study: Estimated Treatment Effect Strengthened by Improved Covariate Balance

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