Childhood exposure to external ionising radiation and solid cancer risk

Sadetzki, Siegal; Mandelzweig, Lori

doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604994

Cited by 44 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…39,40 Second, the observed association might indicate that the neonatal treatment provided to newborns with a low Apgar score at 5 min could increase the risk of a subsequent Wilms tumor. [41][42][43] Third, it might also reflect reverse causation insofar that the yet undiagnosed Wilms tumor or predisposure to develop a Wilms tumor lead to symptoms related to a low Apgar score. The positive association with Apgar score, however, was not restricted only to young cases but seen in all age groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth characteristics and Wilms tumors in children in the Nordic countries: A register‐based case–control study

Schüz

Schmidt

Kogner

et al. 2011

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Little is known about causes of Wilms tumor. Because of the young age at diagnosis, several studies have looked at various birth characteristics. We conducted a registry-based case-control study involving 690 cases of Wilms tumor aged 0-14 years, occurring in Denmark, Finland, Norway or Sweden during 1985, individually matched to five controls drawn randomly from the Nordic childhood population. Information on birth characteristics was obtained from the population-based medical birth registries. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using conditional logistic regression analysis. We observed a distinct association between Wilms tumor and high birth weight (4 kg) for girls (OR 1.97, CI 1.50-2.59) but not for boys (1.04, 0.78-1.38); overall, the OR was 1.43 (1.17-1.74). Among girls, risk increased by 28% (15-42%) per 500 g increase in birth weight. Large-for-gestational age girls also had a higher risk (2.48, 1.51-4.05), whereas no effect was seen for boys (1.12, 0.60-2.07). An association was seen with Apgar score at 5 min < 7 for both sexes combined (5.13, 2.55-10.3). ORs close to unity were seen for parental age and birth order. In our large-scale, registry-based study, we confirmed earlier observations of an association between high birth weight and risk of Wilms tumor, but we found an effect only in girls. The higher risk of infants with low Apgar score might reflect hypoxia causing cell damage, adverse side effects of neonatal treatment or reverse causation as low Apgar score might indicate the presence of a tumor.Renal tumors in children are rare. Its major subtype, Wilms tumor or nephroblastoma, constituting >95% of all childhood renal tumors, is an embryonal malignancy arising from remnants of the immature kidney.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth characteristics and Wilms tumors in children in the Nordic countries: A register‐based case–control study

Schüz

Schmidt

Kogner

et al. 2011

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…1,2 Digital panoramic radiography has been widely used for the past 30 years. To take a panoramic radiograph, the tube head of a panoramic machine rotates one cycle around the head of a patient.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shielding effect of thyroid collar for digital panoramic radiography

Gs¹,

Jg²,

G³

et al. 2013

Dentomaxillofacial Radiology

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Objectives: To evaluate the shielding effect of thyroid collar for digital panoramic radiography. Methods: 4 machines [Orthopantomograph ® OP200 (Instrumentarium Dental, Tuusula, Finland), Orthophos CD (Sirona Dental Systems GmbH, Bensheim, Germany), Orthophos XG Plus (Sirona Dental Systems GmbH) and ProMax ® (Planmeca Oy, Helsinki, Finland)] were used in this study. Average tissue-absorbed doses were measured using thermoluminescent dosemeter chips in an anthropomorphic phantom. Effective organ and total effective doses were derived according to the International Commission of Radiological Protection 2007 recommendations. The shielding effect of one collar in front and two collars both in front and at the back of the neck was measured. Results: The effective organ doses of the thyroid gland obtained from the 4 panoramic machines were 1.12 mSv for OP200, 2.71 mSv for Orthophos CD, 2.18 mSv for Orthophos XG plus and 2.20 mSv for ProMax, when no thyroid collar was used. When 1 collar was used in front of the neck, the effective organ doses of the thyroid gland were 1.01 mSv (9.8% reduction), 2.45 mSv (9.6% reduction), 1.76 mSv (19.3% reduction) and 1.70 mSv (22.7% reduction), respectively. Significant differences in dose reduction were found for Orthophos XG Plus and ProMax. When two collars were used, the effective organ doses of the thyroid gland were also significantly reduced for the two machines Orthophos XG Plus and ProMax. The same trend was observed in the total effective doses for the four machines. Conclusions: Wearing a thyroid collar was helpful when the direct digital panoramic imaging systems were in use, whereas for the indirect digital panoramic imaging systems, the thyroid collar did not have an extra protective effect on the thyroid gland and whole body.

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“…Young children are more sensitive to ionizing radiation than the adults [8,23]. The age-at-exposure effect is shown by a 20% decrease in attained-age-specific excess relative risks (ERRs) per decade increase in age at exposure [50,51]. Also the risk for females is always relatively higher than for males because of differences in size and position of radiosensitive organs [8,23].…”

Section: Effective Dose In Diagnostic Radiologymentioning

confidence: 99%