Childhood Maltreatment in Women with Borderline Personality Disorder, Chronic Depression, and Episodic Depression, and in Healthy Controls

Brakemeier, Eva‐Lotta; Dobiás, J; Hertel, Julia; Bohus, Martin; Limberger, Matthias F.; Schramm, Elisabeth; Radtke, Martina; Frank, Patrick; Padberg, Frank; Sabaß, L.; Jobst, Andrea; Jacob, Gitta; Struck, Nele; Zimmermann, Johannes; Normann, Claus

doi:10.1159/000484481

Cited by 31 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…In a direct comparison between persistent and recurrent patients, some studies found persistent patients to score higher on self-reported early adversity than recurrent patients [30, 31] while others did not. Brakemeier et al [32], for instance, found no difference in overall traumatization scores between the two patient groups, similar to the current data. In our sample, the persistent group reported a numerically higher degree of childhood maltreatment on all CTQ subscales except sexual abuse, but there was no significant difference between groups.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Negative mood induction: Affective reactivity in recurrent, but not persistent depression

et al. 2019

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BackgroundDespite the high clinical and epidemiological relevance of persistent depression, little is known about its specific psychopathology and whether it is distinct from recurrent depression. Depression in general has been associated with blunted affective reactivity but the evidence from previous studies is inconsistent. Here, we asked whether affective reactivity might differ between persistent and recurrent depression.MethodsTwenty patients with persistent depression, 20 patients with recurrent depression and 20 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Both patient groups showed moderate symptom severity. All participants underwent a sad mood induction procedure. Affective reactivity was assessed with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) before and after mood induction.ResultsWe found a striking difference in affective reactivity between patient groups. While the persistent group showed blunted reactivity to mood induction, the recurrent group demonstrated an affective response that was comparable to HC, with an increase in negative and a decrease in positive affect. Blunted affective reactivity was thus specifically associated with persistent in contrast to recurrent depression.ConclusionsThese results highlight affective reactivity as an important psychopathological feature that differs between the two patient groups. Preserved affective reactivity to emotional stimuli in the recurrent group might reflect a resilience factor against persistence of depression.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Negative mood induction: Affective reactivity in recurrent, but not persistent depression

et al. 2019

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“…Regarding childhood adversity in CD in contrast to non‐CD, our results are too heterogeneous and too inconsistent to draw strong conclusions. To some extent, this is in contrast with the conclusions of previous studies that investigated associations of CD and childhood maltreatment (Brakemeier et al., ; Negele, Kaufhold, Kallenbach, & Leuzinger‐Bohleber, ; Wiersma et al., ). In the most recent meta‐analysis of Nelson, Klumparendt, Doebler, and Ehring (), childhood maltreatment, especially emotional abuse and neglect, was found to be a risk factor for severe, early‐onset, treatment‐resistant depression with a chronic course.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 93%

“…In a recent study, Brakemeier et al. () investigated CD and non‐CD female patients: The two groups did not differ significantly in the overall CTQ score (CD: mean = 51 vs. non‐CD = 49) or in its subdomains. To summarize, in direct comparison of both groups, results are too heterogeneous to draw conclusions regarding differences in childhood trauma between CD and non‐CD patients.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differences between chronic and nonchronic depression: Systematic review and implications for treatment

et al. 2018

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Background: There is still uncertainty if and to what extent chronic depression (CD) presents with specific features especially in contrast to the nonchronic course of major depressive disorder (non-CD). This systematic review aims to summarize the existing literature regarding sociodemographic factors, psychopathology, and course of disease in patients with CD in comparison to patients with non-CD. Methods: A structured database search (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, CENTRAL) was performed. All studies comparing CD with non-CD patients were included. Twenty-eight studies, including cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, and observational studies, were identified in which both subgroups were diagnosed according to DSM-IV or DSM-5, respectively. Primary outcome were group comparisons focused on sociodemographic factors, childhood adversity, onset of the disorder, comorbidities, severity and course of the depressive symptoms, and specific psychopathology.Results: Patients with CD had an earlier onset of depressive symptoms, higher rates of psychiatric comorbidities, and a complicated treatment course (e.g., higher rates of suicidality) compared to non-CD. We also found some evidence for specific features in the psychopathology of CD patients (submissive and hostile interpersonal styles) in contrast to non-CD patients. Results were inconsistent with regard to childhood maltreatment. No differences were found regarding the severity of depressive symptoms and most sociodemographic factors. Conclusion:Despite some inconsistencies, the results of this review verified important differences between CD and non-CD. However, future research is needed to characterize especially the specific psychopathology of CD in comparison to non-CD patients to develop more tailored treatment strategies. K E Y W O R D Sassessment/diagnosis, clinical trials, depression, dysthymic disorder, mood disorders 18

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“…Previous research shows a dose-response relationship between CM and depression severity as well as an association between CM and chronicity of depression (5). However, studies comparing the prevalence of CM in PDD and ED are rare and resulted in inconsistent findings (3,6,7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Cognition and Interpersonal Problems in Persistent Depressive Disorder vs. Episodic Depression: The Role of Childhood Maltreatment

Struck

Gärtner²,

Kircher

et al. 2021

Front. Psychiatry

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Objective: Little is known about the specific psychological features that differentiate persistent depressive disorder (PDD) and episodic depression (ED). Thus, the present study aimed to investigate differences in social cognition and interpersonal problems between these two forms of depression and healthy controls. In addition, we aimed to examine childhood maltreatment (CM) as a possible origin of these alterations.Methods: In a cross-sectional study, adult patients with a current PDD (n = 34) or in a current episode of ED (n = 38), and healthy controls (n = 39) completed questionnaires about depression severity, empathy, interpersonal problems, and CM, as well as tests of affective theory of mind and facial emotion recognition.Results: Patients with PDD reported higher empathic distress than patients with ED and healthy controls. Both depressive groups recognized angry faces with higher accuracy and reported more interpersonal problems, with no differences between PDD and ED. Empathic distress and interpersonal problems mediated the link between CM and depression in the combined sample.Limitations: Patient groups were not drug-naïve and antidepressant intake might have influenced social-cognitive functions. Self-report measures of empathy and interpersonal problems are vulnerable to bias. The cross-sectional design does not allow causal conclusions.Conclusion: Depressed patients may not show deficits in decoding the affective states of others and in feeling with others. However, depressed individuals—in particular patients with PDD—may feel easily overwhelmed by emotionally tense situations, resulting in empathic distress and avoidant/submissive interpersonal behavior. Exposure to CM might be an origin of alterations in social cognition and interpersonal problems.

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Childhood Maltreatment in Women with Borderline Personality Disorder, Chronic Depression, and Episodic Depression, and in Healthy Controls

Cited by 31 publications

References 9 publications

Negative mood induction: Affective reactivity in recurrent, but not persistent depression

Negative mood induction: Affective reactivity in recurrent, but not persistent depression

Differences between chronic and nonchronic depression: Systematic review and implications for treatment

Social Cognition and Interpersonal Problems in Persistent Depressive Disorder vs. Episodic Depression: The Role of Childhood Maltreatment

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