Childhood Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Until recently, the majority of cases of diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents were immune-mediated type 1a diabetes. Obesity has led to a dramatic increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) among children and adolescents over the past 2 decades. Obesity is strongly associated with insulin resistance, which, when coupled with relative insulin deficiency, leads to the development of overt T2DM. Children and adolescents with T2DM may experience the microvascular and macrovascular complications of this disease at younger ages than individuals who develop diabetes in adulthood, including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, stroke, myocardial infarction, and sudden death; renal insufficiency and chronic renal failure; limb-threatening neuropathy and vasculopathy; and retinopathy leading to blindness. Health care professionals are advised to perform the appropriate screening in children at risk for T2DM, diagnose the condition as early as possible, and provide rigorous management of the disease.

The effectiveness of a fundamental motor skill intervention in pre-schoolers with motor problems depends on gender but not environmental context

“…Clearly, then, it is imperative to monitor skill competence from early childhood onwards, in particular to identify potential delays in motor development or motor deficits. Early and targeted remediation of any motor problem is required to reduce the negative impact on engagement in PA in later life, and also to avoid secondary psycho-social consequences [e.g., distorted selfconcept (Majnemer, 1998) and increased anxiety (Schoemaker & Kalverboer, 1994)] or medical conditions [e.g., diabetes (Hannon, Rao, & Arslanian, 2005) and cardiovascular problems (Kavey et al, 2003)]. …”

Reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species and antioxidants in etiopathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type-2

“…Diabetes mellitus with an alarmingly rising incidence (1) is a cluster of abnormal metabolic paradigm having a common of environmental factors which may act independently or in concert with genetic disposition, fifth, in due course of time a large number of DMT-2 patients develop multiple macro-or micro-vascular complications or both, sixth, the new molecular mechanisms involved in pathogenesis of the disease are now emerging, are more vigorously investigated and their interaction among themselves and their superimposition or intertwining with genetic factors are being critically evaluated, yet the etiopathogenesis of the disease is not fully understood (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). Obviously, clinicians have limited armamentarium for the treatment of the disease, and so far no drug is known to cure it permanently.…”

Endothelial dysfunction and arterial abnormalities in childhood obesity

“…3,[34][35][36][37] Blood pressure (BP), insulin resistance and glucose metabolism are also influenced by childhood overweight and obesity. 2,4,[34][35][36][37] There is evidence that the prevalence of sleep apnea, an emerging cardiovascular risk factor, is increased in obese children, as it is in obese adults. 38 C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker, is correlated with body mass index (BMI) in children and adolescents.…”