Childhood obesity risk factors by race and ethnicity

Piñeros-Leaño, María; Grafft, Natalie; Aguayo, Liliana

doi:10.1002/oby.23500

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Moreover, the incidence of obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years [ 3 , 4 ]. Children and adolescents with obesity are likely to experience obesity as adults; therefore, they are at an increased risk of adult health problems, such as heart disease, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, and osteoarthritis [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Additionally, chronic obesity is associated with an increased risk of cancer, including cancer of the breast, colon, endometrium, esophagus, kidney, pancreas, gall bladder, thyroid, ovary, cervix, and prostate, as well as multiple myeloma and Hodgkin’s lymphoma [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Obesity and Anti-Inflammatory Synergistic Effects of Green Tea Catechins and Citrus β-Cryptoxanthin Ingestion in Obese Mice

Nakadate

Kawakami

Yamazaki

2023

IJMS

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Chronic obesity causes various diseases, leading to an urgent need for its treatment and prevention. Using monosodium-glutamate-induced obesity mice, the present study investigated the synergistic obesity-reducing effects of tea catechins and the antioxidant β-cryptoxanthin present in mandarin oranges. The results show that the obese mice that ingested both tea catechin and β-cryptoxanthin for 4 weeks had a significantly decreased body weight, with no difference in body weight compared with control mice. Moreover, the blood biochemical test results were normal, and the body fat percentage was significantly decreased according to the histopathological analysis. Additionally, the abundance of M1 macrophages, which release pro-inflammatories, was significantly reduced in adipose tissue. Indeed, a significant decrease was detected in M1-macrophage-secreted tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels. Meanwhile, M2 macrophage levels were recovered, and adiponectin, which is released from adipocytes and involved in suppressing metabolic syndrome, was increased. Collectively, these results suggest that the combination of tea catechins and antioxidant foods can alleviate chronic obesity, indicating that a combination of various ingredients in foods might contribute to reducing chronic obesity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Obesity and Anti-Inflammatory Synergistic Effects of Green Tea Catechins and Citrus β-Cryptoxanthin Ingestion in Obese Mice

Nakadate

Kawakami

Yamazaki

2023

IJMS

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“…A recent study showed that in the United States, trajectories and precursors of excessive weight gain from birth to 9 years of age vary by race and ethnicity ( 7 ). Our findings confirm that racial and ethnic differences in children's growth, and the factors that influence their growth, begin early in life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental determinants associated with early growth after the first year of life by race and ethnicity

et al. 2023

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ObjectiveTo investigate maternal and parental factors associated with changes in children's body mass index percentile (BMI-P) from 12 to 24 months.MethodsData from a prospective cohort of racially and ethnically diverse mothers, fathers, and children (n = 245) were used. Changes in BMI-P from 12 to 24 months of age were examined using height and weight measurements collected at both times. Separate longitudinal mixed-effects models with maximum likelihood were introduced to examine the determinants introduced by mothers and determinants from both parents among all children, and by race and ethnicity.ResultsModels that examine maternal and parental factors showed that children's overall BMI-P decreased from 12 to 24 months [β = −4.85, 95% confidence interval (CI), −7.47 to −2.23]. Stratified tests showed that White children whose parents graduated high school or completed a 4-year college degree or higher had greater decreases in BMI-P than White children born to parents with less than high school education (β = −60.39, 95% CI, −115.05 to −5.72; β = −61.49, 95% CI, −122.44 to −0.53). Among Hispanic/Latinx children, mean BMI-P significantly decreased from 12 to 24 months (β = −7.12, 95% CI, −11.59 to −2.64). Mother's older age (β = 1.83, 95% CI, 0.29–3.36) and child female sex (β = 11.21, 95% CI, 1.61–20.82) were associated with gains in children's BMI-P, while father's older age was associated with decreases (β = −1.19, 95% CI, −2.30 to −0.08).ConclusionsParental determinants associated with children's early growth varied by children's sex and racial and ethnic background. Results highlight the importance of understanding racial and ethnicity-specific obesity risks and including fathers in research.

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“…In deconstructing the risk of early childhood obesity, studies have noted the following. First, racial and ethnic differences in BMI trajectories exist at birth and extend into the first few years of life [29–32,33 ▪▪ ]. Second, while social and socioeconomic factors can explain some of the risk for specific racial and ethnic groups, they do not explain all trends seen [29,30,33 ▪▪ ].…”

Section: Consequences Of Classifying Childhood Obesity As a Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, racial and ethnic differences in BMI trajectories exist at birth and extend into the first few years of life [29–32,33 ▪▪ ]. Second, while social and socioeconomic factors can explain some of the risk for specific racial and ethnic groups, they do not explain all trends seen [29,30,33 ▪▪ ]. Third, the most concerning or ‘adverse’ BMI trajectories have been noted early in life in self-identified Black and Latino youth [30,32,34].…”

Section: Consequences Of Classifying Childhood Obesity As a Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Current status of weight bias and stigma in pediatrics and the need for greater focus on populations at risk

Waldrop,

Wang,

Kancherla

et al. 2023

Current Opinion in Pediatrics

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Purpose of review Obesity is one of the most common pediatric chronic conditions in the United States, affecting approximately 20% of American youth and is more common amongst Black, Latino, and Indigenous and low socioeconomic populations. The condition places children and adolescents at increased risk of physical and mental health conditions partly mediated by the weight bias and stigmatization experienced during the potentially vulnerable periods of childhood and adolescence. Recent Findings Weight bias and the resulting stigma are pervasive in society. Children have been shown to internalize this bias and its devaluation, which have been shown to contribute to worsening metabolic and mental health outcomes independently. Studies suggest weight stigmatization more adversely affects Black, Latino, and Indigenous children, suggesting the potential for adverse synergistic effects of these historical biases on such youth. Summary Addressing childhood obesity successfully across all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic lines requires addressing weight bias and stigma. Steps toward this end include collaborative efforts to promote cross-cultural competence and upstander bias education and training for those who care for children, person-centered communication, and a culture of inclusivity across governmental, healthcare, educational, entertainment, and advertising sectors.

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Childhood obesity risk factors by race and ethnicity

Cited by 9 publications

References 55 publications

Anti-Obesity and Anti-Inflammatory Synergistic Effects of Green Tea Catechins and Citrus β-Cryptoxanthin Ingestion in Obese Mice

Anti-Obesity and Anti-Inflammatory Synergistic Effects of Green Tea Catechins and Citrus β-Cryptoxanthin Ingestion in Obese Mice

Parental determinants associated with early growth after the first year of life by race and ethnicity

Current status of weight bias and stigma in pediatrics and the need for greater focus on populations at risk

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