Childhood Obesity's Relationship to Time Spent in Sedentary Behavior

Arluk, Shaye L.; Branch, John; Swain, David P.; Dowling, E.

doi:10.1093/milmed/168.7.583

Cited by 68 publications

(52 citation statements)

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“…Obesity in humans is associated with lowered daily activity levels (2,3,22,29,49,50,53,68,77). Recent data from our laboratory indicate that postural allocation (i.e., the amount of time sitting or standing throughout the day) dramatically differs between obese and lean individuals (50).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Central orexin sensitivity, physical activity, and obesity in diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rats

Novak

Kotz²,

Levine

2006

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

104

132

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Novak, Colleen M., Catherine M. Kotz, and James A. Levine. Central orexin sensitivity, physical activity, and obesity in diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 290: E396-E403, 2006. First published September 27, 2005 doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00293.2005.-Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), the most variable component of energy expenditure, can account for differential capacities for human weight gain. Also highly variable, spontaneous physical activity (SPA) may similarly affect weight balance in animals. In the following study, we utilized the rat model of obesity, the diet-induced obese (DIO) rat, as well as the diet-resistant (DR) rat strain, to investigate how access to a high-fat diet alters SPA and the associated energy expenditure (i.e., NEAT). DIO and DR rats showed no differences in the amount of SPA before access to the high-fat diet. After 29 days on a high-fat diet, the DIO rats showed significant decreases in SPA, whereas the DR rats did not. Next, we wanted to determine whether the DIO and DR rats showed differential sensitivity to microinjections of orexin into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Unilateral guide cannulae were implanted, aimed at the PVN. Orexin A (0, 0.125, 0.25, and 1.0 nmol in 500 nl) was microinjected through the guide cannula into the PVN, then SPA and energy expenditure were measured for 2 h. Using the response to vehicle as a baseline, the DR rats showed significantly greater increase in NEAT compared with the DIO rats. These data indicate that diet-induced obesity is associated with decreases in SPA and a lack of increase in NEAT. A putative mechanism for changes in NEAT that accompany obesity is a decreased sensitivity to the NEAT-activating effects of neuropeptides such as orexin.nonexercise activity thermogenesis; paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus; high-fat diet; hypocretin OBESITY IS AN EPIDEMIC associated with the increased prevalence of many diseases, increased mortality, and decreased quality of life (1, 8, 16 -20, 23, 26, 27, 31, 32, 55, 56, 58, 62, 67, 70). One major contributor to the rise in obesity is the sedentary lifestyle of many individuals, leading to decreased energy expenditure and increased body weight, as well as decreased health quality (3,6,11,22, 29, 30, 34, 36,65,77,82). In fact, energy expended through physical activity is the single most variable component of energy expenditure, and in the majority of individuals, daily physical activity is composed primarily of nonexercise activity (47, 48, 52). Nonexercise activity thermogenesis, or NEAT, differs between obese and lean individuals: lean subjects show significantly more ambulation and less sitting compared with obese subjects (50). Moreover, this difference is not altered after weight gain in lean individuals or weight loss in obese individuals, indicating that increased sedentariness is not secondary to the increased body mass in the obese subjects (50). Last, increases in NEAT in nonobese subjects after overfeeding are correlate...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Central orexin sensitivity, physical activity, and obesity in diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rats

Novak

Kotz²,

Levine

2006

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

104

132

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…76 Low levels of physical activity and greater amounts of sedentary pursuits, in particular television viewing (43 h/ days), during childhood and/or adolescence is predictive of greater future adiposity and or overweight. [77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84] Thus, the rationale for prescribing exercise as an adjunct to dietary restriction is compelling given its potential to reduce overweight-related comorbidity and the hazard associated with dietary restriction alone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of exercise for treating overweight in children and adolescents: a systematic review

2006

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Background: Overweight prevalence among children/adolescents is increasing, while adult obesity may potentially cause a decline in life expectancy. More exercise is uniformly recommended, although treatment efficacy remains unclear. Objective: To determine the efficacy of exercise alone for treating overweight in children/adolescents. Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials published in English were completed following multiple database searches performed on December 10, 2004. Studies of isolated or adjunctive exercise/physical activity treatment in overweight/obese children or adolescents which reported any overweight outcome were included. Literature searches identified 645 papers which were manually searched, of which 45 were considered for inclusion, of which 13 papers which reported 14 studies were included (N ¼ 481 overweight boys and girls, aged B12 years). Two reviewers independently identified relevant papers for potential inclusion and assessed methodological quality. Principal measures of effects included the mean difference (MD) (between treatment and control groups), the weighted MD (WMD), and the standardized MD (SMD). Results: Few studies were of robust design. The pooled SMD was À0.4 (À0.7, À0.1, P ¼ 0.006) for percent body fat, and À0.2 (À0.6, 0.1, P ¼ 0.07) for central obesity outcomes, whereas the pooled WMD was À2.7 kg (À6.1 kg, 0.8 kg, P ¼ 0.07) for body weight, all of which favored exercise. Pooled effects on body weight were significant and larger for studies of higher doses, whereas nonsignificant and smaller effects were seen for studies of lower doses of exercise (155-180 min/weeks vs 120-150 min/ weeks). Conclusions: Based on the small number of short-term randomized trials currently available, an aerobic exercise prescription of 155-180 min/weeks at moderate-to-high intensity is effective for reducing body fat in overweight children/adolescents, but effects on body weight and central obesity are inconclusive. Recommendations for future study designs are discussed.

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“…Parents purchase food and prepare meals, monitor children's time use, and enroll them in after-school activities. Parents' overt and covert control can significantly impact adolescents' weight through the regulation of nutrition and physical and sedentary behavior (Arluk et al 2003;Ogden, Reynolds and Smith 2006). In addition, parents socialize their children to share similar values, attitudes and behaviors related to eating, physical activity, and weight concerns (Bruss et al 2005;Ogden and Chanana 1998).…”

Section: The Sociological Assumption: Familial Social Processes Are Smentioning

confidence: 99%

The Intergenerational Correlation in Weight: How Genetic Resemblance Reveals the Social Role of Families

Martin

2008

American Journal of Sociology

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According to behavioral genetics research, the intergenerational correlation in weight derives solely from shared genetic predispositions, but complete genetic determinism contradicts the scientific consensus that social and behavioral change underlies the modern obesity epidemic. To address this conundrum, this article utilizes sibling data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and extends structural equation sibling models to incorporate siblings' genetic relationships to explore the role of families' social characteristics for adolescent weight. The article is the first to demonstrate that the association between parents' obesity and adolescent weight is both social and genetic. Furthermore, by incorporating genetic information, the shared and social origins of the correlation between inactivity and weight are better revealed.Intuitively, we know that there is an intergenerational correlation in weight. We expect thin parents to have thin children and overweight parents to have overweight children. But what does it mean that being thin or overweight "runs in the family?" What is the source of that similarity? The current assessment from behavioral genetics research -the customary arbiter of how genetic or social a particular trait is -is that the intergenerational correlation in weight is entirely due to shared genetic predispositions and that the shared social characteristics of families are insignificant (for a review, see Maes, Neale and Eaves 1997).The assertion of exclusive genetic determinism, however, does not fit within the larger scientific discourse about the importance of social and behavioral change for the recent obesity epidemic (Kumanyika 2001). Specifically, genetic variation cannot explain the changes in obesity prevalence over the last 20 years (French, Story and Jeffery 2001;Kumanyika 2001). To better appreciate the social origins of this epidemic, we must think about both within-and between-population differences. Let us consider the distribution of weight prior to the obesity epidemic using data on adults from the 1890s. At that time, the distribution was reasonably close to a normal curve (Helmchen and Henderson 2004) and each person's weight reflected a variety of risk factors, including his or her genetic predispositions. Within this population,

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Childhood Obesity's Relationship to Time Spent in Sedentary Behavior

Abstract: Interventions should be designed targeting total time spent on the computer, total time watching television, and maternal obesity in child obesity programs.

Cited by 68 publications

References 0 publications

Central orexin sensitivity, physical activity, and obesity in diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rats

Central orexin sensitivity, physical activity, and obesity in diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rats

Efficacy of exercise for treating overweight in children and adolescents: a systematic review

The Intergenerational Correlation in Weight: How Genetic Resemblance Reveals the Social Role of Families

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