Childhood Passive Smoking, Race, and Coronary Artery Disease Risk

Moskowitz, William B.; Schwartz, Pamela F.; Schieken, Richard M.

doi:10.1001/archpedi.153.5.446

Cited by 39 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…78 HDL 2 , the antiatherogenic subfraction of HDL, is decreased by SHS exposure. 78,79 Women exposed at work to SHS for 6 h/d for at least the past 6 consecutive months had HDL 2 levels significantly lower than those of unexposed women. The decrease in passive smoking women was similar to the decrease in smokers (31% and 33% HDL 2 percentage decrease from the levels in unexposed, respectively).…”

Section: Effects On Hdlmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…73 Racial and gender differences have been noted in the effects of SHS on lipid metabolism in children; data from cohorts of white and black twin children have shown an interaction between race and gender. 79 In children exposed to SHS, HDL levels were lower in whites than in blacks (43.2Ϯ8.0 [meanϮSD] versus 52.7Ϯ8.4 mg/dL, respectively). These data suggest that white males exposed to passive smoking may be more susceptible to the effects of SHS than blacks or females.…”

Section: Effects On Hdlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cardiovascular Effects of Secondhand Smoke

2005

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Background-Secondhand smoke increases the risk of coronary heart disease by Ϸ30%. This effect is larger than one would expect on the basis of the risks associated with active smoking and the relative doses of tobacco smoke delivered to smokers and nonsmokers. Methods and Results-We conducted a literature review of the research describing the mechanistic effects of secondhand smoke on the cardiovascular system, emphasizing research published since 1995, and compared the effects of secondhand smoke with the effects of active smoking. Evidence is rapidly accumulating that the cardiovascular system-platelet and endothelial function, arterial stiffness, atherosclerosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, heart rate variability, energy metabolism, and increased infarct size-is exquisitely sensitive to the toxins in secondhand smoke.

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Section: Effects On Hdlmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Effects On Hdlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular Effects of Secondhand Smoke

2005

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“…16,17 In adults, heavy workplace exposure to tobacco smoke has been demonstrated to have an adverse influence on serum lipids. 18,19 Recently, it was indicated that maternal smoking in pregnancy is associ- 21 Exposure to tobacco smoke as indicated by objective measurement, serum cotinine concentration, has been frequently determined in school-aged children.…”

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confidence: 99%

Arterial Intima-Media Thickness, Endothelial Function, and Apolipoproteins in Adolescents Frequently Exposed to Tobacco Smoke

Kallio

Jokinen

Saarinen

et al. 2010

Circ: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes

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Background-Exposure to tobacco smoke is associated with markers of preclinical atherosclerosis in adults, but its effect on arterial structure in adolescents is unknown. Methods and Results-Healthy 13-year-old adolescents from the atherosclerosis prevention trial STRIP were studied.Maximum carotid and aortic intima-media thickness and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation were measured in 494 adolescents using high-resolution ultrasound. Serum lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I and B concentrations were determined using standard methods. Exposure to tobacco smoke was measured annually between ages 8 and 13 years using serum cotinine concentrations, analyzed with gas chromatography. To define longitudinal exposure, cotinine values of children having serum cotinine measured 2 to 6 times during follow-up were averaged and divided into tertiles (exposure groups): low (nϭ160), intermediate (nϭ171), and high (nϭ163 1 Passive smoking has been associated with attenuated endothelium-dependent dilation in young healthy adults. 2,3 We have previously shown in 11-year-old healthy children that tobacco smoke exposure is associated with endothelial dysfunction measured by flowmediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery. 4 In addition, both past and current passive smoking has been related with increased carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in adults. [5][6][7] Moreover, tobacco smoke exposure in pregnancy has recently been associated with increased aortic intima-media thickness (aIMT) in neonates 8 and increased cIMT in young adulthood. 9 Conventional cardiovascular risk factors have been related to early structural vascular wall changes in childhood, 10 -12 and exposure to cardiovascular risk factors in adolescence predicts increased adult cIMT. 13 However, none of the previous studies has examined the impact of exposure to tobacco smoke on IMT in healthy children or adolescents.Exposure to tobacco smoke may lead to alterations in serum lipid profile, especially to decrease in HDL cholesterol, in children 14,15 and adolescents. 16,17 In adults, heavy workplace exposure to tobacco smoke has been demonstrated to have an adverse influence on serum lipids. 18,19 Recently, it was indicated that maternal smoking in pregnancy is associ- 21 Exposure to tobacco smoke as indicated by objective measurement, serum cotinine concentration, has been frequently determined in school-aged children. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of frequent exposure to tobacco smoke on vascular wall structure, endothelial function, and serum lipid profile in healthy 13-year-old adolescents. WHAT IS KNOWN• Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is related to increased carotid intima-media thickness in adults, but this association has not been studied in children.• Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke may lead to alterations in serum lipid profile, but there are no data on the relations of tobacco smoke exposure and apolipoprotein levels in children. WHAT THE STUDY ADDS• This study shows that frequent exposure ...

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“…Only about one third (35%) of parents prohibited smoking inside the home and only 22% prohibited smoking in cars [88]. Parents need to be aware that ETS is classified by the US Environmental Protection Agency as a class A carcinogen [4] and that exposing their children to ETS increases the risk of asthma, sudden infant death syndrome, middle ear disease, pneumonia, cough, upper respiratory infection, reduced high-density lipoprotein levels, and coronary artery disease [8,[89][90][91][92][93][94][95].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%