Childhood socioeconomic position and physical capability in late-middle age in two birth cohorts from the Copenhagen aging and midlife biobank

Petersen, Gitte; Pedersen, Jolene Masters; Rod, Naja Hulvej; Mortensen, Erik Lykke; Kawachi, Ichiro; Osler, Merete; Hansen, Åse Marie; Lund, Rikke

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205019

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 37 publications

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“…Grip strength and, for women, chair stand score, increased by social position after adjustment for age, height and Inuit ancestry. This is in concordance with most studies of both social position in childhood [ 37 , 38 ] and later in life [ 39 , 40 ]. These studies have been carried out mostly in the UK and other European countries, but also Latin American countries showed an increase in muscle strength by social position [ 41 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Hand grip strength and chair stand test amongst Greenlandic Inuit: reference values and international comparisons

Bjerregaard

Ottendahl

Jørgensen

2021

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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Muscle strength is an important predictor for function and mortality among older adults. We measured hand grip strength among 1442 participants aged 15+ years and carried out a 30 second chair stand test among 786 participants aged 55+ years. Neither test has been carried out among the Inuit before. We present reference values for men and women as means with standard deviations and medians with 10 th , 25 th , 75 th and 90 th percentiles. Hand grip strength was higher among men than among women (means 45.2 kg and 25.8 kg; p < 0.0001), in linear regression analyses it increased with height (β men = 0.69; β women = 0.46), weight (β men = 0.24; β women = 0.08) and body mass index (β men = 0.56; β women = 0.24), and decreased with age (β men = −0.49; β women = −0.29) and Inuit genetic ancestry (β men = −0.96; β women = −0.59). Chair stand score showed similar associations with sex (mean score for men and women 13.8 and 11.5; p < 0.0001), age (β men = −0.22; β women = −0.20) and Inuit genetic ancestry (β men = −0.38; β women = −0.41). The hand grip strength of the Inuit was at the same level as in European and North American populations whereas chair stand score was lower than that of a mostly white US population.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Hand grip strength and chair stand test amongst Greenlandic Inuit: reference values and international comparisons

Bjerregaard

Ottendahl

Jørgensen

2021

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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A systematic review of quantitative bias analysis applied to epidemiological research

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Barnard-Mayers

et al. 2021

International Journal of Epidemiology

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Background Quantitative bias analysis (QBA) measures study errors in terms of direction, magnitude and uncertainty. This systematic review aimed to describe how QBA has been applied in epidemiological research in 2006–19. Methods We searched PubMed for English peer-reviewed studies applying QBA to real-data applications. We also included studies citing selected sources or which were identified in a previous QBA review in pharmacoepidemiology. For each study, we extracted the rationale, methodology, bias-adjusted results and interpretation and assessed factors associated with reproducibility. Results Of the 238 studies, the majority were embedded within papers whose main inferences were drawn from conventional approaches as secondary (sensitivity) analyses to quantity-specific biases (52%) or to assess the extent of bias required to shift the point estimate to the null (25%); 10% were standalone papers. The most common approach was probabilistic (57%). Misclassification was modelled in 57%, uncontrolled confounder(s) in 40% and selection bias in 17%. Most did not consider multiple biases or correlations between errors. When specified, bias parameters came from the literature (48%) more often than internal validation studies (29%). The majority (60%) of analyses resulted in >10% change from the conventional point estimate; however, most investigators (63%) did not alter their original interpretation. Degree of reproducibility related to inclusion of code, formulas, sensitivity analyses and supplementary materials, as well as the QBA rationale. Conclusions QBA applications were rare though increased over time. Future investigators should reference good practices and include details to promote transparency and to serve as a reference for other researchers.

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Associations between childhood and adulthood socioeconomic position and grip strength at age 46 years: findings from the 1970 British Cohort Study

et al. 2022

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Background Muscle weakness is a key criterion for important age-related conditions, including sarcopenia and frailty. Research suggests lower childhood socioeconomic position (SEP) may be associated with muscle weakness in later life but there is little evidence on associations in younger adults closer to peak muscle strength. We aimed to examine relationships between indicators of SEP in childhood and adulthood and grip strength at age 46y. Methods We examined 7,617 participants from the 1970 British Cohort Study with grip strength measurements at 46y. We used sex-specific linear regression models to test associations between five different indicators of SEP in childhood and adulthood (paternal occupational class and parental education levels at age 5 and own occupational class and education level at age 46) and maximum grip strength. Models were adjusted for birth weight, BMI in childhood and adulthood, adult height, disability in childhood, leisure-time physical activity in childhood and adulthood, sedentary behaviour in childhood and adulthood, occupational activity and smoking at age 46. Results Among women, lower SEP in childhood and adulthood was associated with weaker grip strength even after adjustments for covariates. For example, in fully-adjusted models, women whose mothers had no qualifications at age five had mean grip strength 0.99 kg (95% CI: -1.65, -0.33) lower than women whose mothers were educated to degree and higher. Among men, lower levels of father’s education and both adult SEP indicators were associated with stronger grip. The association between own occupational class and grip strength deviated from linearity; men in skilled-manual occupations (i.e. the middle occupational group) had stronger grip than men in the highest occupational group (Difference in means: 1.33 kg (0.60, 2.06)) whereas there was no difference in grip strength between the highest and lowest occupational groups. Adjustment for occupational activity largely attenuated these associations. Conclusion Findings highlight the need to identify age and sex-specific interventions across life to tackle inequalities in important age-related conditions related to weakness.

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Childhood socioeconomic position and physical capability in late-middle age in two birth cohorts from the Copenhagen aging and midlife biobank

Cited by 4 publications

References 37 publications

Hand grip strength and chair stand test amongst Greenlandic Inuit: reference values and international comparisons

Hand grip strength and chair stand test amongst Greenlandic Inuit: reference values and international comparisons

A systematic review of quantitative bias analysis applied to epidemiological research

Associations between childhood and adulthood socioeconomic position and grip strength at age 46 years: findings from the 1970 British Cohort Study

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